INDICE: Preface xvii .Section I Production and Derivatives of Chitosan .1 Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition, and Properties 3Annu, Shakeel Ahmed and Saiqa Ikram .1.1 Chitin 4 .1.2 Chitosan 11 .1.3 Conclusion 21 .References 21 .2 Nitrogenated Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application 25Michael Ioelovich .2.1 Introduction 26 .2.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources 27 .2.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 28 .2.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 47 .2.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 54 .2.6 Applications 58 .2.7 Conclusion 60 .References 61 .3 Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates 71Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Htun Inzali, Hla Ngwe and Nitar Nwe .3.1 Introduction 72 .3.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes 74 .3.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes 74 .3.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme 78 .3.5 Commercial Enzymes 78 .3.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 78 .3.7 Conclusion 85 .Acknowledgement 85 .References 85 .4 Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials 89Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Htun Inzali, Tetsuya Furuike, Hiroshi Tamura and Nitar Nwe .4.1 Introduction 90 .4.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology 92 .4.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms 93 .4.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms 94 .4.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology 98 .4.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials 101 .4.7 Conclusion 102 .Acknowledgement 107 .References 107 .5 Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overlook of Commercial Application in Diverse Field 115Tanvir Arfin .5.1 History 115 .5.2 Synthesis of Chitosan 116 .5.3 General Properties 117 .5.4 Biological Properties 117 .5.5 Physicochemical Aspects 118 .5.6 Molecular Weight 118 .5.7 Stability 118 .5.8 Fabrication 119 .5.9 Self–Assembly 120 .5.10 Strategies Self–Assembly 121 .5.11 Chief Significance 122 .5.12 Various Forms 122 .5.13 Chemical Modification 122 .5.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization 122 .5.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles 123 .5.16 Modified Chitosan 123 .5.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) 123 .5.18 Michael Reaction 124 .5.19 Antioxidant 124 .5.20 Antibacterial Properties 126 .5.21 Antimicrobial Activity 126 .5.22 Antiviral Activity 129 .5.23 Biological Adhesive 129 .5.24 Bonding Purposes 130 .5.25 Biodegradation 130 .5.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence 131 .5.27 Conjugation 131 .5.28 Functionalization of Chitosan 131 .5.29 Schiff s Base Formation 131 .5.30 Reductive Amination 134 .5.31 Chitosan Proteins Interaction 134 .5.32 Absorption Enhancer 135 .5.33 Chitosan Starch Blends 135 .5.34 Application in Various Fields 135 .5.35 Conclusion 146 .References 146 .6 Chitin and Chitosan–Complexes and Their Applications 151 .6.1 Introduction 152 .6.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin 153 .6.3 Different Properties of Chitosan 154 .6.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan 156 .6.5 Complexes of Polyelectrolyte between Chitosan and Naturally Occurring Polymers 157 .6.6 Various Useful and Important Applications of Chitosan 159 .6.7 Conclusion 162 .Acknowledgement 162 .References 162 .7 Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide 167 .7.1 Introduction 168 .7.2 Enzymes for Production of Chitin/Chitosan, and CTO 169 .7.3 Enzyme and DNA Technology for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and CTO 169 .7.4 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 172 .7.5 Conclusion 176 .References 179 .Section II Chitosan in Textile and Food Industry .8 Chitosan Applications for the Food Industry 185 .8.1 Introduction 185 .8.2 Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 187 .8.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Food Applications 193 .8.4 Nutritional Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan 213 .8.5 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan Oligomers and Their Applications in the Food Industry as Health Supplements 215 .8.6 Future Trends: Chitosan–Based Nanotechnology for Food Applications 217 .8.7 Conclusion 217 .Acknowledgements 218 .References 218 .9 Chitosan: Sustainable and Environment Friendly Resource for Textile Industry 233 .9.1 Introduction 233 .9.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Resources 234 .9.3 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles 236 .9.4 Textile Functionalities Achieved 240 .9.5 Effluent Treatment Applications 245 .9.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 246 .References 247 .Section III Chitosan in Biomedical Applications .10 Perspectives of Chitin– and Chitosan–based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine 255 .10.1 Introduction 256 .10.2 Scaffold Characteristics 258 .10.3 Fabrication Techniques 260 .10.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan as Regenerative Medicine 261 .10.5 Conclusion 264 .References 265 .11 Chitin and Chitosan–Based Scaffolds 271 .11.1 Introduction 272 .11.2 Scaffold Components 274 .11.3 Scaffold Requirements 274 .11.4 Chitin and Chitosan–Based Scaffolds Fabrication Techniques 276 .11.5 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Regeneration of Various Tissues 281 .11.6 Chitin and CS–Based Scaffolds for Drug and Growth Factors Delivery 293 .11.7 Chitin and CS–Based Scaffolds/Dressings in Market 294 .11.8 Conclusions 294 .11.9 Future perspectives 295 .Abbreviations 295 .References 300 .12 Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application 311 .12.1 Introduction 311 .12.2 Chitosan Applications in Cancer 317 .12.3 Chitosan Applications in Alzheimer s 335 .12.4 Conclusion 348 .References 348 .13 Biomedical Significance of Chitin– and Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites 361 .13.1 Introduction 362 .13.2 Biomedical Applications 363 .13.3 Conclusion 377 .References 378 .14 Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Chitosan–Based Nanomaterials 385 .14.1 Introduction 386 .14.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan 387 .14.3 Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan 388 .14.4 Biomedical Application of Chitin and Chitosan–Based Nanomaterials 394 .14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 400 .Acknowledgement 401 .References 401 .Section IV Chitosan in Agriculture and Water treatment 15 Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin– and Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture 411 .15.1 Introduction 412 .15.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposite in Agriculture 413 .15.3 Conclusion 423 .References 423 .16 Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for Its Potential Application in Water Filtration 431 .16.1 Introduction 431 .16.2 Chitosan as an Efficient Material for Water Purification/ Disinfection 433 .16.3 Electrospinning Process 438 .16.4 Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles for Filtration of Water Contaminated with Bacteria 442 .16.5 Chitosan–Based Nanocomposites for Water Filtration 446 .16.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 448 .References 449 .17 Application of Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants 453 .17.1 Introduction 454 .17.2 Chitin and Chitosan 455 .17.3 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan 455 .17.4 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan 456 .17.5 Application of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment as Promising Adsorbents 461 .17.6 Chitin and Chitosan as a New Type of Polymer Coagulant/Flocculants 465 .17.7 Future Directions for Research 474 .17.8 Conclusion 475 .Acknowledgments 475 .References 475
- ISBN: 978-1-119-36350-7
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 516
- Fecha Publicación: 19/09/2017
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés