Handbook of concentrator photovoltaic technology

Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV) is one of the most promising technologies to produce solar electricity at competitive prices. High performing CPV systems with efficiencies well over 30% and multi–megawatt CPV plants are now a reality. As a result of these achievements, the global CPV market is expected to grow dramatically over the next few years reaching cumulative installed capacity of 12.5 GW by 2020. In this context, both new and consolidated players are moving fast to gain a strategic advantage in this emerging market. Written with clear, brief and self–contained technical explanations, Handbook of Concentrator Photovoltaic Technology  provides a complete overview of CPV covering: the fundamentals of solar radiation, solar cells, concentrator optics, modules and trackers; all aspects of characterization and reliability; case studies based on the description of actual systems and plants in the field; environmental impact, market potential and cost analysis. CPV technology is at a key point of expansion. This timely handbook aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of all CPV scientific, technological and engineering background with a view to equipping engineers and industry professionals with all of the vital information they need to help them sustain the impetus of this encouraging technology. Key features: Uniquely combines an explanation of the fundamentals of CPV systems and components with an overview of the market place and their real–life applications. Each chapter is written by well–known industry specialists with extensive expertise in each particular field of CPV technology. Reviews the basic concepts of multi–junction solar cells and new concepts for CPV cells, highlighting the key differences between them. Demonstrates the state of the art of several CPV centres and companies. Facilitates future cost calculation models for CPV. Features extensive case studies in each chapter, including coverage of CPV modules and systems. INDICE: Contributors List .Foreword .An Introduction to Concentrator Photovoltaics I. Rey–Stolle and C. Algora .Chapter 1 Direct Normal Radiation D. R. Myers .1.1 Concepts and Definitions 1 .1.2 Measuring Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 7 .1.3 Modeling Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 21 .1.4 Modeling Spectral Distributions 26 .1.5 Resources for Broadband Estimates of CPV Performance 29 .1.6 Sunshape 33 .1.7 Direct Solar Radiation Climates 40 .1.8 Consensus Standards for Direct Solar Radiation Applications 47 .Glossary 49 .List of acronyms 49 .List of symbols 50 .References 53 .Chapter 2 Concentrator Multijunction Solar Cells I. Rey–Stolle, J. M. Olson, C. Algora .2.1 Introduction 59 .2.2 Fundamentals 60 .2.3 Multijunction solar cell structures 67 .2.4 Multijunction solar cell modeling 79 .2.5 Concentrator requirements 103 .2.6 Description of different cell approaches 119 .Acknowledgements 128 .Glossary 128 .List of acronyms 128 .List of symbols 129 .References 131 .Chapter 3 Emerging High Efficiency Concepts for Concentrator Solar Cells I. Tobías and A. Luque .3.1 Introduction 139 .3.2 Thermodynamic efficiency limits 140 .3.3 Detailed balance modeling of solar cells 144 .3.4 Solar cell concepts exceeding the single junction Shockley–Queisser limit 149 .3.5 Other concepts 162 .3.6 Nanostructures in solar cells 165 .Glossary 182 .List of acronyms 182 .References 183 .Chapter 4 CPV Optics R. Mohedano and R. Leutz .4.1 Introduction 189 .4.2 Light, optics and concentration 190 .4.3 Optical background 194 .4.4 Design of the optical train: Calculation of surfaces 204 .4.5 Performance analysis and optimization of the optical train 215 .4.6 Optics Manufacturing 227 .4.7 Impact of CPV Optics in a nutshell 235 .Glossary 237 .List of acronyms 237 .List of symbols 238 .Annex 4–I: Étendue calculation 243 .Annex 4–II: 2D treatment of rotational and linear 3D optical systems 245 .Annex 4–III: Design of the XR concentrator 247 .Chapter 5 Temperature Effects on CPV Solar Cells, Optics and Modules I. García, M. Victoria, I. Antón .5.1 Introduction 249 .5.2 Effects of Temperature on CPV Solar cells 249 .5.3 Temperature effects and thermal management in CPV optics and modules 270 .Glossary 291 .List of acronyms 291 .List of symbols 291 .References 293 .Chapter 6 CPV Tracking and Trackers I. Luque–Heredia, P. Magalhães, M.Muller .6.1 Introduction 297 .6.2 Requirements and specifications 298 .6.3 Basic taxonomy of CPV trackers 302 .6.4 Design of CPV trackers structural considerations 304 .6.5 Sun Tracking Control 311 .6.6 Sun tracking accuracy 319 .6.7 Designing for optimal manufacturing and field works 326 .6.8 Description and performance of current tracker approaches 331 .6.9 International standards for solar trackers 339 .References 342 .Chapter 7 CPV Modules S. Askins and G. Sala .7.1 Introduction 345 .7.2 What is a CPV module? 345 .7.3 Definition, functions, and structure of a CPV module 347 .7.4 Design process and prototyping stages 352 .7.5 Concentration ratio and cell size 359 .7.6 Opto–mechanics of CPV modules 366 .7.7 Electrical design 379 .7.8 Thermal Design 383 .7.9 Venting Considerations 397 .7.10 Manufacturing processes for CPV modules 398 .7.11 Standards applicable to CPV modules 407 .Glossary 409 .References 411 .Annex 7–I: Abengoa s CPV Modules and Systems 413 .Annex 7–II: CPV Modules and Systems from Daido Steel 421 .Annex 7–III: Soitec CPV Modules and Systems 427 .Annex 7–IV: Suncore Photovoltaics Modules 435 .Chapter 8 CPV Power Plants M. Martínez, D. Sánchez, F. Rubio, E. F. Fernández, F. Almonacid, N. Abela, T. Zech, .T. Gerstmaier .8.1 Introduction 443 .8.2 Construction of CPV plants 444 .8.3 CPV inverters: configurations and sizing 456 .8.4 Optimized distribution of trackers 460 .8.5 Considerations on environmental impact and dual use of the land 468 .8.6 CPV plant monitoring and production data analysis 469 .8.7 Operation and Maintenance 475 .8.8 Power rating of a CPV plant 481 .8.9 Modeling the energy production of CPV power plants 488 .Glossary 496 .List of acronyms 496 .List of symbols 497 .References 499 .Annex 8–I: Software Tools for CPV Plant Design and Analysis 503 .Annex 8–II: CPV power plants at ISFOC 513 .Annex 8–III: Soitec Power Plants 525 .Chapter 9 Reliability C. Algora, P. Espinet, M. Vázquez, N. Bosco, D. Miller, S. Kurtz, F. Rubio, R. McConnell .9.1 Introduction 533 .9.2 Fundamentals of reliability 533 .9.3 Reliability of solar cells 546 .9.4 Reliability of modules 562 .9.5 Reliability of systems and plants 576 .9.6 Standards Development for CPV 592 .Acknowledgement 598 .References 599 .Chapter 10 CPV Multijunction Solar Cell Characterization C. R. Osterwald and G. Siefer .10.1 Introduction 605 .10.2 Basic concepts about multijunction solar cells for characterization purposes 606 .10.3 Spectral matching and adjustment 610 .10.4 Flash solar simulators: description and limitations 616 .10.5 Concentrator solar cell characterization 619 .Acknowledgments 628 .Glossary 629 .List of acronyms 629 .List of symbols 629 .References 631 .Chapter 11 Characterization of Optics for Concentrator Photovoltaics M. Hernández .11.1 Introduction 633 .11.2 Geometrical characterization 634 .11.3 Optical characterization 642 .Glossary 655 .List of acronyms 655 .List of symbols 655 .References 656 .Chapter 12 Characterization of CPV Modules and Receivers C. Domínguez, R. Herrero, I. Antón .12.1 Introduction 657 .12.2 Figures of merit of PV Concentrators 658 .12.3 Instruments and methods for CPV characterization 661 .12.4 Indoor measurements of CPV modules 682 .Glossary 698 .List of acronyms 698 .List of symbols 698 .References 700 .Chapter 13 Life Cycle Analysis of CPV Systems V. Fthenakis .13.1 Introduction 705 .13.2 Case study description 706 .13.3 Methodology 707 .13.4 Life–cycle Inventory Analysis 708 .13.5 System Performance Data and Estimates 715 .13.6 Energy Payback Time 716 .13.7 Greenhouse and Toxic Gas Emissions 716 .13.8 Land and Water use in CPV Systems 719 .13.9 Discussion and Comparison with other CPV and PV systems 721 .Glossary 724 .List of acronyms 724 .List of symbols 724 .References 725 .Annex 13–I: Energy Flow Diagrams for Amonix 7700 system components 727 .Chapter 14 Cost Analysis and Market Deployment C. Algora, D. L. Talavera, G. Nofuentes, I. Luque–Heredia .14.1 Introduction 733 .14.2 Basic concepts of cost and profitability analysis 734 .14.3 Review of profitability analysis 737 .14.4 The cost of CPV 750 .14.5 CPV Market Deployment 777 .Glossary 778 .References 780 .Index

• ISBN: 978-1-118-47296-5
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Tela
• Páginas: 808
• Fecha Publicación: 06/05/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés