INDICE: Background of this Book xiii .Acknowledgments xxiii .1 Introduction to Immittance Spectroscopy 1 .1.1 Basic Definition and Background 1 .1.2 Scope and Limitation 5 .1.3 Applications of the Immittance Studies to Various Material Systems 6 .1.4 Concept of the Linear Circuit Elements: Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance 9 .1.5 Concept of Impedance, Admittance, Complex Capacitance, and Modulus 13 .1.6 Immittance Functions 21 .1.7 Series Resonant Circuit 22 .1.8 Parallel Resonant Circuit 23 .1.9 Capacitance and Inductance in Alternating Current 24 .Problems 24 .References 25 .2 Basics of Solid State Devices and Materials 27 .2.1 Overview of the Fundamentals of Physical Electronics 27 .2.2 Basics of Semiconductors 33 .2.3 Single–Crystal and Polycrystal Materials 35 .2.4 SCSJ and MPCHPH Systems 37 .2.5 Representation of the Competing Phenomena 42 .2.6 Effect of Normalization of the Electrical Parameters 43 .Problems 46 .References 47 .3 Dielectric Representation and Operative Mechanisms 49 .3.1 Dielectric Constant of Materials: Single Crystals and Polycrystals 49 .3.2 Dielectric Behavior of Materials: Single Crystals and Polycrystals 53 .3.3 Origin of Frequency Dependence 58 .3.4 Effect of Polarization 60 .3.5 Equivalent Circuit Representation of the Mechanisms and Processes 67 .3.6 Defects and Traps 69 .3.7 Point Defects and Stoichiometric Defects 77 .3.8 Leaky Systems 78 .Problems 79 .References 80 .4 Ideal Equivalent Circuits and Models 85 .4.1 Concept of Equivalent Circuit 85 .4.2 Simple and Basic Circuits in Complex Planes: R, C, R–C Series, and R–C Parallel 86 .4.3 Debye Circuits: Single Relaxation 89 .4.4 Duality of the Equivalent Circuits: Multiple Circuits for a Single Plane 97 .4.5 Duality of Equivalent Circuits between Z?– and M?–Planes for Relaxations without Intercept 98 .4.6 Duality of Equivalent Circuits between Y?– and C?–Planes for Relaxations without Intercept 100 .4.7 Duality of Equivalent Circuits for Simultaneous Z?–, Y?–, C?–, and M?–Planes’ Relaxations 102 .4.8 Proposition of Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Grains and Grain Boundaries 103 .Problems 105 .References 106 .5 Debye and Non–Debye Relaxations 109 .5.1 Ideal Systems 109 .5.2 Non–Ideal Systems 116 .5.3 Non–Ideal Systems Implying Distributed Time Constants 122 .5.4 D–C Representation, Depression Parameter, and Equivalent Circuit: Conventional Domain 128 .5.5 Depression Parameter Based on ??peak = 1: Complex Domain 134 .5.6 Optimization of ZHF: Complex Domain 137 .5.7 Depression Parameter ? Based on ??peak = 1 139 .5.8 Feature of the Depression Parameter ? Based on ?? ? 1 145 .5.9 Analysis of the Havriliak–Negami Representation 146 .5.10 Geometrical Interpretation of H–N Relaxation at the Limiting Case 151 .5.11 Extraction of the Relaxation Time ? and the H–N Depression Parameters ? and ? 154 .5.12 Checking Generalized Depression Parameter ? when ? is Real 159 .5.13 Checking Generalized Depression Parameter ? when ? is Real 160 .5.14 Effect of ? and ? on the H–N Distribution Function 162 .5.15 Meaning of the Depression Parameters ? and ? 166 .5.16 Relaxation function with Respect to the Depression .Parameters ? and ? 168 .Problems 170 .References 170 .6 Modeling and Interpretation of the Data 175 .6.1 Equivalent Circuit Model for the Single Complex Plane (SCP) Representation 175 .6.2 Models and Circuits 177 .6.3 Nonconventional Circuits 184 .6.4 Multiple Equivalent Circuits for Multiple Relaxations in a Single Complex Plane 186 .6.5 Single Equivalent Circuit for Multiple Complex Planes 187 .6.6 Equivalent Circuit for Resonance 189 .6.7 Single Equivalent Circuit from Z?– and M?–Planes 189 .6.8 Temperature and Bias Dependence of the Equivalent Circuit Modeling 190 .6.9 Equivalent Circuit: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Based Varistors 191 .6.10 Equivalent Circuit: Lithium Niobate LiNbO3 Single Crystal 196 .6.11 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Yttria (Y2O3) 200 .6.12 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Calcium Zirconate (CaZrO3) 201 .6.13 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Calcium Stannate (CaSnO3) 202 .6.14 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 203 .6.15 Equivalent Circuit: Multi–Layered Thermoelectric Device (Alternate SiO2/SiO2+Ge Thin–Film) 204 .6.16 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Tungsten Oxide (WO3) 206 .6.17 Equivalent Circuit: Biological Material – E. Coli Bacteria 207 .Problems 208 .References 209 .7 Data–Handling and Analyzing Criteria 213 .7.1 Acquisition of the Immittance Data 213 .7.2 Lumped Parameter/Complex Plane Analysis (LP/CPA) 214 .7.3 Spectroscopic Analysis (SA) 222 .7.4 Bode Plane Analysis (BPA) 225 .7.5 Misrepresentation of the Measured Data 227 .7.6 Misinterpretation of the Bode Plot: Equivalent Circuit 230 .Problems 232 .References 233 .8 Liquid Systems 241 .8.1 Non–Crystalline Systems: Liquids 241 .8.2 Warburg and Faradaic Impedances 245 .8.3 Constant Phase Element (CPE) 249 .8.4 Biological Liquid: E. Coli Bacteria 251 .Problems 255 .References 256 .9 Case Study 259 .9.1 Analysis of the Measured Data: Aspects of Data–Handling/Analyzing Criteria 259 .9.2 Case 1: Proper Physical Geometrical Factors 260 .9.3 Case 2: Improper Normalization 262 .9.4 Case 3: Effect of Electrode and Lead Wire 264 .9.5 Case 4: Identification of Contributions to the Terminal Immittance 265 .9.6 Case 5: Use of Proper Unit 267 .9.7 Case 6: Demonstration of the Invalid Plot 270 .9.8 Case 7: Obscuring Frequency Dependence 271 .9.9 Case 8: Misnomer Nomenclature for the Complex Plane Plot 273 .9.10 Case 9: Extraction of Equivalent Circuit from the Straight Line or the Non–Relaxation Curve 274 .Problems 277 .References 278 .10 Analysis of the Complicated Mott–Schottky Behavior 283 .10.1 Capacitance – Voltage (C–V) Measurement 283 .10.2 The Mott–Schottky Plot 287 .10.3 Arbitrary Measurement Frequency and Construction of the Deceiving Mott–Schottky Plot 296 .10.4 Frequency–Independent Representation 297 .10.5 Extraction of the Device–Related Parameters 299 .Problems 302 .References 303 .11 Analysis of the Measured Data 307 .11.1 Introduction and Background of the Immittance Data Analysis 307 .11.2 Measurement of the Immittance Data and Complex Plane Analysis 312 .11.3 Nonlinear Least Squares Estimation 314 .11.3.1 Gauss–Newton Method (Algorithm) of Least Squares Estimation 317 .11.3.2 Levenberg–Marquardt Method (Algorithm) of Least Squares Estimation 320 .11.3.3 Numerical Procedure to Calculate Jacobian Matrix 321 .11.3.4 Error Analysis: Analysis of Errors in Regression 321 .11.3.5 Selection of the Weights 322 .11.4 Complex Nonlinear Least Squares (CNLS) Fitting of the Data 323 .11.4.1 Procedure 1: Geometrical Fitting in the Complex Plane 323 .11.4.2 Procedure 2: Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Parts 328 .11.5 Graphical User Interface Implementation of the Nonlinear Least Square Procedures: Implementation of CNLS using MATLAB 330 .11.5.1 Input Data Generation 330 .11.5.2 Input Data Processing 331 .11.5.2.1 Visualization of the Measured (Raw) Data 332 .11.5.2.2 Selection of Data Points for Fitting 333 .11.5.2.3 Fitting of the Semicircle: Geometric Fitting 334 .11.5.2.4 Calculation of the Parameters from the Semicircle Fitting 335 .11.5.2.5 Calculation of the Parameters from the Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Parts 336 .11.5.3 Output Generation: Output File 337 .11.5.3.1 Parameters from the Semicircle Fitting 337 .11.5.3.2 Nonlinear Regression: Semicircle Fitting Output 337 .11.5.3.3 Linear Regression: Line Fitting Output 338 .11.5.3.4 Parameters from Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Data 338 .11.5.3.5 Nonlinear Regression: Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Data Output 338 .11.5.3.6 Measured Data used in Analysis 339 .11.6 Effect of Fitting Procedure, Measurement Noise, and Solution Algorithm on the Estimated Parameters 340 .11.7 Case Studies: CNLS Fitting of the Measured Data in the Complex Planes 342 .11.7.1 M?–Plane Fitting: R–C Parallel Circuit 343 .11.7.2 C?– and M?–Plane Representations of the Lithium Niobate (LN) Crystal 344 .11.7.3 Z?– and Y?–Plane Representations of Multi–Layered Junction Device 349 .11.7.4 Y?–plane Representation of the E. Coli Bacteria in Brain Heart Infusion Medium 351 .11.8 Summary 353 .Problems 355 .References 357 .12 Items for Appendix 363 .12.1 Appendix – A: Sample Input Data for the R–C Parallel Circuit 363 .12.2 Appendix – B: R–C Parallel Circuit Data Analysis Output in Z?–Plane 364 .12.3 Appendix – C: R–C Parallel Circuit Data Analysis Output in M?–Plane 368 .12.4 Appendix – D: Lithium Niobate Crystal Data Analysis Output in C?–Plane 370 .12.5 Appendix – E: Multilayer Junction Thermoelectric Device Data Analysis Output in Y?–Plane 372 . Index
- ISBN: 978-1-119-18485-0
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 420
- Fecha Publicación: 20/12/2017
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés