Electrical energy efficiency: technologies and applications

The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand.Now a major topic in industry and theelectrical engineering research community, engineers have started to focus onanalysis, diagnosis and possible solutions. Owing to the complexity and cross-disciplinary nature of electrical energy efficiency issues, the optimal solution is often multi-faceted with a critical solutions evaluation component to ensure cost effectiveness.This single-source reference brings a practical focusto the subject of electrical energy efficiency, providing detailed theory andpractical applications to enable engineers to find solutions for electroefficiency problems. It presents power supplier as well as electricity user perspectives and promotes routine implementation of good engineering practice.Key features include:a comprehensive overview of the different technologies involved in electroefficiency, outlining monitoring and control concepts and practical design techniques used in industrial applications;description of the current standards of electrical motors, with illustrative case studies showing how to achieve better design;up-to-date information on standarization, technologies, economic realities and energy efficiency indicators (the main types and international results);coverage on the quality and efficiency of distribution systems(the impact on distribution systems and loads, and the calculation of power losses in distribution lines and in power transformers).With invaluable practical advice, this book is suited to practicing electrical engineers, design engineers, installation designers, M&E designers, and economic engineers. It equips maintenance and energy managers, planners, and infrastructure managers with the necessary knowledge to properly evaluate the wealth of electrical energy efficiency solutions for large investments. This reference also provides interesting reading material for energy researchers, policy makers, consultants,postgraduate engineering students and final year undergraduate engineering students. INDICE: 1 - OVERVIEW ON STANDARDISATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCYFranco Bua, Angelo Baggini1 Introduction2 Standardisation2.1 ISO2.1.1 ISO 500012.1.2 ISO/IECJPC 22.2 IEC2.2.1 SG1 Energy efficiency and renewable resources€2.2.2 SG3 Smart Grid€2.2.3 SG4 LVDC distribution systems up to 1 500V DC€2.3 CEN and CENELEC2.3.1 SFEM3. References2 - CABLES AND LINESPaola Pezzini and Andreas Sumper2.1. Theory of heat transfer2.1.1. Conduction2.1.2. Convection2.1.3. Radiation2.2. Current rating of cables installed in free air2.3. Economical aspects2.4. Calculation of the current rating: total costs2.4.1. Evaluation of CJ2.5. Determination of economic conductor sizes2.5.1. Economic current range for each conductor in a series of sizes2.5.2. Economic conductor size for a given load2.6. SummaryReferences3 - POWER TRANSFORMERSRoman Targosz, Stefan Fassbinder and Angelo Baggini1. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS1.1. No-Load losses1.2. Load losses1.3. Auxiliary losses1.4. Extra losses due to harmonics, unbalance and reactive power1.4.1. Harmonics1.4.2. Current distortion1.4.3. Voltage distortion1.4.4. Mitigation of extra harmonic losses1.4.5. Unbalance2. Efficiency and load factor3. LOSSES AND COOLING SYSTEM4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS4.1.1. MEPS4.1.2. Mandatory Labeling4.1.3. Voluntary Programs5. LIFE CYCLE COSTING5.1. Life cycle cost of transformers5.2. Detailed considerations6. DESIGN, MATERIAL AND MANUFACTORING6.1. Core6.1.1. Cold rolled grain oriented and HIB magnetic steel6.1.2. Amorphous steel6.2. Windings6.2.1. Superconducting (high temperature, HTS)6.3. Other developments6.3.1. Gas insulated transformers7. CASESTUDY - EVALUATION TOC OF AN INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMER7.1. Method7.2. Results8. References9. ANNEX9.1. Selected MEPS9.1.1. Australia9.1.2. USA9.1.3. Europe9.1.4. Market figures9.1.5. Formulas for losses evaluation - American and European4 - BUILDING AUTOMATION, SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND CONTROLAngelo Baggini, Annalisa Marra1. Automation functions for energy savings1.1. Temperature control1.2. Ligthing1.3. Drives and motors1.4. Technical alarms and management1.5. Remote control2. Automation systems2.1. KNX systems2.1.1. Architecture2.1.2. Trasmission media2.1.3. Power Line2.1.4. Radio wawes2.1.5. Ethernet2.1.6. Configuration2.1.7. Scada systems2.2. Human Machine Interface2.2.1. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)2.2.2. Supervisory Station2.2.3. Communication infrastructure and methods3. Automation device own consumption4. Basic schemes4.1. Heating and cooling4.1.1. Automatic control of every room with thermostatically controlled valves or electronic regulator4.1.2. Control of water temperature with compensated supply temperature depending on the outside temperature4.1.3. On / Off Control of distribution pump4.1.4. Automatic Control Function with a fixed time program4.1.5. Partial interlock (depending on the HVAC system)4.1.6. Function of automatic control of any room with communication between the regulators and toward the system BUS4.1.7. Control of internal temperature4.1.8. Control of thedistribution pumps at a variable speed with AP constant4.1.9. Automatic control with optimized start /stop4.1.10. Function of integrated control of all local with management of requests4.1.11. Function of total Interlock4.2. Ventilation and air conditioning4.2.1. Time control4.2.2. Time on / off control4.2.3. Defrost control with heat recovery4.2.4. Control function of the overheating of heat recovery4.2.5. Night cooling4.2.6. Constant set point control4.2.7. Humidity Limitation of the flow air4.2.8. Automatic control of pressure or flow4.2.9. Free cooling4.2.10. Set point external temperature-dependent4.2.11. Control function of flow air humidity4.2.12. Presence Control Function4.2.13. Function to set point, load-dependent4.3. Lighting4.3.1. Function of switch on manual and automatic shut-off4.3.2. Manual Power Control Function and presence detection Auto-On/reduction/Off4.3.3. Motorized control with automatic drive control of the sunscreens4.3.4. Automatic daylight control function4.4. Sunscreens4.4.1. Control combined light / blinds / HVAC Function4.5. Technical building management4.5.1. Function centralized control4.6. Technical installations in the building4.6.1. Function of fault detection, diagnosis and provision of technical support4.6.2. Function of the report on energy use, internal conditions and possibilities for improvement5. The estimate of building energy performance5.1. European Standard EN 152325.1.1. Automation Classes for energy efficiency5.1.2. Definition of automation Classes5.2. Methods comparison: detailed and of the factors5.2.1. Detailed calculation6. References5 - POWER QUALITY PHENOMENA AND INDICATORSAndrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka, Ireana Wasiak5.1. RMS voltage level5.1.1. Sources5.1.2. Effects on energy efficiency5.1.3. Mitigation methods5.2. Voltage fluctuations5.2.1. Disturbance description5.2.2. Sources of voltage fluctuations5.2.3. Effects and cost5.2.4. Mitigation methods5.3. Voltage and current unbalance5.3.1. Disturbance description5.3.2. Sources5.3.3. Effect and cost5.3.4. Mitigation methods5.4. Voltage and current distortion5.4.1.Disturbance description5.4.2. Sources5.4.3 Effects and costREFERENCES6 - ON SITE GENERATION AND MICROGRIDSIrena Wasiak and Zbigniew Hanzelka6.1. Introduction6.2. Technologies of distributed energy resources6.2.1. Energy sources6.2.2.Energy storage6.3. Impact of DG on power losses in distribution networks6.4. Microgrids6.4.1. Concept6.4.2. Energy storage applications6.4.3. Management and control6.4.4. Power quality and reliability in microgridsReferences7 - ELECTRIC MOTORSJoris Lemmens, Wim Deprez7.1 Losses in electric motors7.1.1 Power balance and energy efficiency7.1.2 Loss components classification7.1.3 Influencefactors7.2 Motor efficiency standards7.2.1 Efficiency classification standards7.2.2 Efficiency measurement standards7.2.3 Future standard for variable speed drives7.3 High efficiency motor technology7.3.1 Motor Materials7.3.2 Motor Design7.3.3 Motor ManufacturingReferences8 - LIGHTINGMircea Chindris, Antoni Sudria-Andreu8.1. Energy and lighting systems8.1.1. Energy consumption in lighting systems8.1.2. Energy efficiency in lighting systems8.2. Regulations8.3. Technological advances in lighting systems8.3.1. Efficient light sources8.3.2. Efficient ballasts8.3.3. Efficient luminaries8.4. Energy efficiency in indoor lighting systems8.4.1. Policy actions to support energy efficiency8.4.2. Retrofit or redesign?8.4.3. Lighting controls8.4.4. Daylighting8.5. Energy efficiencyin outdoor lighting systems8.5.1. Efficient lamps and luminaires8.5.2. Outdoor lighting controls8.6. Maintenance of lighting systemsReferences9 - ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND POWER ELECTRONICSDaniel Montesinos-Miracle, Joan Bergas-Jan and Edris Pouresmaeil9.1. Control methods for induction motors and PMSM9.1.1. V/f control9.1.2. Vector control9.1.3. DTC9.2. Energy optimal control methods9.2.1. Converter losses9.2.2. Motor losses9.2.3. Energy optimal control strategies9.3. Topology of the variable speed drive9.3.1. Input stage9.3.2. DC bus9.3.3. The inverter9.4. New trends on power semiconductors9.4.1. Modulation Techniques9.4.2. Review of different modulation methods.9.4.3. Multilevel inverter topologiesReferences10 - INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSESMircea Chindris, Andreas Sumper10.1. General aspects regarding electroheating in industry10.2. Main electroheating technologies10.2.1. Resistance Heating10.2.2. Infrared Heating10.2.3. Induction Heating10.2.4. Dielectric Heating10.2.5. Arc furnaces10.3. Specific aspects regarding the increase of energy efficiency in industrial heating processes10.3.1. Replacement of traditional heating technologies10.3.2. Selection of the most suitable electrotechnology10.3.3. Increasing the efficiency of theexisting electroheating equipmentREFERENCES11- HEAT, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)Roberto VillafÃífila-Robles, Jaume Salom1. Basic concepts2. Environmental thermal comfort3. HVAC systems3.1. Energy conversion3.2. Energy balance3.3. Energy efficiency4. Energy measures in HVAC systems4.1. Final service4.2. Passive methods4.3. Conversion device4.4. Energy sourcesReferences12 - DATA CENTERSAngelo Baggini, Franco Bua1 Standards2 Consumption profile2.1 Indicidi prestazione energetica3 IT infrastructure and equipment3.1 Blade server3.2Storage3.3 Network Equipment3.4 Consolidation3.5 Virtualization3.6 Software4 Facility infrastructure4.1 Electrical infrastructure4.1.1 UPS (UninterruptiblePower Systems)4.1.2 PDU (Power Distribution Unit)4.1.3 PSU (Power Supply Units)4.1.4 Lighting4.2 HVAC infrastructure4.2.1 Cooling best practices5 DG and CHP for Data Centres6 Organizing for ENERGY Efficiency7. References13 - REACTIVEPOWER COMPENSATIONZbigniew Hanzelka, Waldemar Szpyra, Andrei Cziker, Krzysztof Piatek13.1. Reactive power compensation in an electric utility network13.1.1. Economic efficiency of reactive power compensation13.2. Reactive power compensation in an industrial network13.2.1. Linear loads13.2.2. Group compensation13.2.2. Nonlinear loads13.3. VAR compensation13.3.1. A synchronous condenser13.3.2. Capacitor banks13.3.3. Power electronic compensators/stabilizersBibliographyIndex

• ISBN: 978-1-119-99004-8
• Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
• Encuadernacion: Rústica
• Páginas: 456
• Fecha Publicación: 20/04/2012
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés