Electrical energy efficiency: technologies and applications

The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand.Now a major topic in industry and theelectrical engineering research community, engineers have started to focus onanalysis, diagnosis and possible solutions. Owing to the complexity and cross-disciplinary nature of electrical energy efficiency issues, the optimal solution is often multi-faceted with a critical solutions evaluation component to ensure cost effectiveness.This single-source reference brings a practical focusto the subject of electrical energy efficiency, providing detailed theory andpractical applications to enable engineers to find solutions for electroefficiency problems. It presents power supplier as well as electricity user perspectives and promotes routine implementation of good engineering practice.Key features include:a comprehensive overview of the different technologies involved in electroefficiency, outlining monitoring and control concepts and practical design techniques used in industrial applications;description of the current standards of electrical motors, with illustrative case studies showing how to achieve better design;up-to-date information on standarization, technologies, economic realities and energy efficiency indicators (the main types and international results);coverage on the quality and efficiency of distribution systems(the impact on distribution systems and loads, and the calculation of power losses in distribution lines and in power transformers).With invaluable practical advice, this book is suited to practicing electrical engineers, design engineers, installation designers, M&E designers, and economic engineers. It equips maintenance and energy managers, planners, and infrastructure managers with the necessary knowledge to properly evaluate the wealth of electrical energy efficiency solutions for large investments. This reference also provides interesting reading material for energy researchers, policy makers, consultants,postgraduate engineering students and final year undergraduate engineering students. INDICE: List of Contributors xiPreface xiiiForeword xv1 Overview of Standardization of Energy Efficiency 1Franco Bua and Angelo Baggini1.1 Standardization 31.1.1 ISO 41.1.2 IEC 51.1.3 CEN and CENELEC 6Further Readings 82 Cables and Lines 9Paola Pezzini and Andreas Sumper2.1 Theory of Heat Transfer 102.1.1 Conduction 102.1.2 Convection 102.1.3 Radiation 112.2 Current Rating of Cables Installed in Free Air 122.3 Economic Aspects 152.4 Calculation of the Current Rating: Total Costs 162.4.1 Evaluation of CJ 162.5 Determination of Economic Conductor Sizes 182.5.1 Economic Current Range for Each Conductor in a Series of Sizes 182.5.2 Economic Conductor Size for a Given Load 182.6 Summary 19References 193 Power Transformers 21Roman Targosz, Stefan Fassbinder and Angelo Baggini3.1 Losses in Transformers 233.1.1 No-Load Losses 233.1.2 Load Losses 243.1.3 Auxiliary Losses 243.1.4 Extra Losses due to Harmonics, Unbalance and Reactive Power 253.2 Efficiency and Load Factor 303.3 Losses and Cooling System 313.4 Energy Efficiency Standards and Regulations 323.4.1 MEPS 373.4.2 MandatoryLabelling 373.4.3 Voluntary Programmes 373.5 Life Cycle Costing 393.5.1 Life Cycle Cost of Transformers 403.5.2 Detailed Considerations 443.6 Design, Material and Manufacturing 473.6.1 Core 473.6.2 Windings 523.6.3 Other Developments543.7 Case Study - Evaluation TOC of an Industrial Transformer 543.7.1 Method553.7.2 Results 56References 59Further Readings 593.A Annex 603.A.1 Selected MEPS 604 Building Automation, Control and Management Systems 71Angelo Baggini and Annalisa Marra4.1 Automation Functions for Energy Savings 724.1.1 Temperature Control 724.1.2 Lighting 744.1.3 Drives and Motors 744.1.4 Technical Alarms and Management 754.1.5 Remote Control 764.2 Automation Systems 764.2.1 KNX Systems 774.2.2 Scada Systems 824.3 Automation Device Own Consumption 864.4 Basic Schemes 864.4.1 Heating and Cooling 864.4.2 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 954.4.3 Lighting 1074.4.4 Sunscreens 1094.4.5 Technical Building Management 1104.4.6 Technical Installations in the Building 1114.5 The Estimate of Building Energy Performance 1134.5.1 European Standard EN 15232 1134.5.2 Comparison of Methods: Detailed Calculations and BAC Factors 115Further Readings 1245 Power Quality Phenomena and Indicators 125Andrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka and Ireana Wasiak5.1 RMS Voltage Level 1265.1.1 Sources 1275.1.2 Effects on Energy Efficiency 1285.1.3 Mitigation Methods 1305.2 Voltage Fluctuations 1325.2.1 Disturbance Description 1325.2.2 Sources of Voltage Fluctuations 1345.2.3 Effectsand Cost 1355.2.4 Mitigation Methods 1385.3 Voltage and Current Unbalance 1385.3.1 Disturbance Description 1395.3.2 Sources 1405.3.3 Effect and Cost 1405.3.4 Mitigation Methods 1435.4 Voltage and Current Distortion 1455.4.1 Disturbance Description 1455.4.2 Sources 1465.4.3 Effects and Cost 1475.4.4 Mitigation Methods 153References 162Further Readings 1626 On Site Generation and Microgrids 165Irena Wasiak and Zbigniew Hanzelka6.1 Technologies of Distributed EnergyResources 1666.1.1 Energy Sources 1666.1.2 Energy Storage 1706.2 Impact of DGon Power Losses in Distribution Networks 1756.3 Microgrids 1786.3.1 Concept 1786.3.2 Energy Storage Applications 1806.3.3 Management and Control 1826.3.4 Power Quality and Reliability in Microgrids 184References 186Further Readings 1877 Electric Motors 189Joris Lemmens and Wim Deprez7.1 Losses in Electric Motors 1907.1.1 Power Balance and Energy Efficiency 1917.1.2 Loss Components Classification 1937.1.3 Influence Factors 1957.2 Motor Efficiency Standards 1997.2.1 Efficiency Classification Standards 1997.2.2 Efficiency Measurement Standards 2007.2.3 Future Standard for Variable Speed Drives 2077.3 High Efficiency Motor Technology 2087.3.1 Motor Materials 2107.3.2 Motor Design 2187.3.3 Motor Manufacturing 224References 2268 Lighting 229Mircea Chindris and Antoni Sudria-Andreu8.1 Energy and Lighting Systems 2308.1.1 Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems 2308.1.2 Energy Efficiency in Lighting Systems 2318.2 Regulations 2338.3 Technological Advances in Lighting Systems 2348.3.1 Efficient Light Sources2348.3.2 Efficient Ballasts 2398.3.3 Efficient Luminaries 2418.4 Energy Efficiency in Indoor Lighting Systems 2428.4.1 Policy Actions to Support Energy Efficiency 2428.4.2 Retrofit or Redesign? 2458.4.3 Lighting Controls 2478.4.4 Daylighting 2518.5 Energy Efficiency in Outdoor Lighting Systems 2528.5.1 Efficient Lamps and Luminaires 2538.5.2 Outdoor Lighting Controls 2568.6 Maintenance of Lighting Systems 259References 260Further Readings 2619 Electrical Drives and Power Electronics 263Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, Joan Bergas-Jan´e and EdrisPouresmaeil9.1 Control Methods for Induction Motors and PMSM 2669.1.1 V/f Control 2669.1.2 Vector Control 2719.1.3 DTC 2729.2 Energy Optimal Control Methods 2749.2.1 Converter Losses 2759.2.2 Motor Losses 2769.2.3 Energy Optimal Control Strategies 2769.3 Topology of the Variable Speed Drive 2769.3.1 Input Stage 2779.3.2 DC Bus 2789.3.3 The Inverter 2799.4 New Trends on Power Semiconductors 2809.4.1 Modulation Techniques 2819.4.2 Review of Different Modulation Methods 283References 291Further Readings 19310 Industrial Heating Processes 295Mircea Chindris and Andreas Sumper10.1 General Aspects Regarding Electroheatingin Industry 29810.2 Main Electroheating Technologies 30210.2.1 Resistance Heating 30210.2.2 Infrared Heating 30910.2.3 Induction Heating 31410.2.4 Dielectric Heating 31810.2.5 Arc Furnaces 32510.3 Specific Aspects Regarding the Increase of Energy Efficiency in Industrial Heating Processes 32610.3.1 Replacementof Traditional Heating Technologies 32710.3.2 Selection of the Most Suitable Electrotechnology 32910.3.3 Increasing the Efficiency of the Existing Electroheating Equipment 330References 333Further Readings 33411 Heat, Ventilation andAir Conditioning (HVAC) 335Roberto Villafafila-Robles and Jaume Salom11.1 Basic Concepts 33611.2 Environmental Thermal Comfort 33811.3 HVAC Systems 34211.3.1 Energy Conversion 34411.3.2 Energy Balance 34611.3.3 Energy Efficiency 34711.4 Energy Measures in HVAC Systems 34811.4.1 Final Service 34811.4.2 Passive Methods 34811.4.3 Conversion Device 35111.4.4 Energy Sources 353References 354Further Readings 35512 Data Centres 357Angelo Baggini and Franco Bua12.1 Standards 35712.2 Consumption Profile 35812.2.1 Energy Performance Index 36012.3 ITInfrastructure and Equipment 36012.3.1 Blade Server 36012.3.2 Storage 36112.3.3 Network Equipment 36112.3.4 Consolidation 36212.3.5 Virtualization 36212.3.6 Software 36312.4 Facility Infrastructure 36312.4.1 Electrical Infrastructure36312.4.2 HVAC Infrastructure 36512.5 DG and CHP for Data Centres 36812.6 Organizing for Energy Efficiency 369Further Readings 37013 Reactive Power Compensation 371

• ISBN: 978-0-470-97551-0
• Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 424
• Fecha Publicación: 27/04/2012
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés