What do we mean by the tropics? The weather and the climates it produces across the tropical zone are significantly different from those experienced by the people living in higher latitudes, so forecasters across Europe and much of North America are unfamiliar with its effects. In this book, Jim Galvin demystifies the topic in this zone that is increasingly of interest to those studying weather and climate. This book was written for weather forecasters, meteorology, environmental science and geography students as an introductory guide. It builds on the experience of the author, his professional experience in the World Area Forecast Centre at the Met Office, Exeter, using studies into the weather and climate seen within the tropical air mass conducted over many years. Its unique approach presents a practical approach to tropical weather studies, drawing on both academic and practical knowledge, covering air mass dynamics, seasonal changes, moist and dry weather, climate variability and human health in chapters and appendices that build up the overall picture, summarising our current state of knowledge. As an overview, it covers the broad range of effects connected with climate and weather in a straightforward way and is clearly illustrated throughout. INDICE: About the Author xi .Preface xii .Acknowledgements xiii .1 Setting the Scene 1 .1.1 Introduction 1 .1.2 What do we mean by the tropics ? 2 .1.3 The geography of the tropics 5 .1.4 The tropical troposphere 5 .1.5 Climate and population in the tropics 7 .1.6 Question 8 .2 The Energy Balance and the Dynamics of Weather in the Tropics 9 .2.1 The tropical heat engine 9 2.2 Absorption, reflection and apparent solar elevation 9 .2.3 Emission from the surface 11 .2.4 The radiation balance and the tropical zone 12 .2.5 The dynamics of weather systems in the tropics 14 .2.6 Questions 15 .3 Winds, Temperature and Weather in the Tropical Zone 16 .3.1 Winds 16 .3.2 Temperature 20 .3.3 The weather patterns and climates of the tropics 21 .3.4 Clouds and fog in the tropics 23 .3.5 Questions 28 .4 The Subtropical Jet Streams 29 .4.1 The formation of jet streams at the margins of the tropics 29 .4.2 Weather associated with the subtropical jet stream 31 .4.3 Folds and bifurcations in the flow 33 .4.4 Clear ]air turbulence 34 .4.5 Questions 36 .5 Synoptic ]scale Weather Systems 38 .5.1 Introduction 38 .5.2 Convection in the tropics 38 .5.3 The inter ]tropical convergence zone 42 .5.4 The depth of convective clouds 47 .5.5 Layer clouds and shallow convection 48 .5.6 The effects of heavy rainfall in the tropics 48 .5.7 Atmospheric teleconnections 49 .5.8 Questions 49 .6 Climate, Flora and Fauna 51 .6.1 The relationship of climate to plants and animals 51 .6.2 Tropical rainforest 51 .6.3 Seasonal tropical forest 57 .6.4 The savannas 58 .6.5 Tropical deserts and scrublands 60 .6.6 Mountain climates 61 .6.7 Tropical oceans and coasts 65 .6.8 Climatic variability 67 .6.9 Questions 68 .7 Dry Environments 69 .7.1 Background 69 .7.2 Wind and weather in the deserts 70 .7.3 Fog and low cloud 78 .7.4 Severe weather in the dry tropics 79 .7.5 The effects of desert weather 82 .7.6 Settlement and the over ]use of scarce water supplies 84 .7.7 Questions 85 .8 Monsoons 86 .8.1 Introduction 86 .8.2 The summer monsoon over southern Asia 86 .8.3 The summer monsoon over East Asia 89 .8.4 Variations of rainfall in the Asian summer monsoon 93 .8.5 The Asian winter monsoon 94 .8.6 The West African summer monsoon 96 .8.7 The West African winter monsoon 103 .8.8 Rainfall and the monsoons in East Africa 104 .8.9 The South American Caribbean monsoons 106 .8.10 The Australian summer monsoon 107 .8.11 Variable broad ]scale factors affecting the monsoons 111 .8.12 Questions 112 .9 Tropical Revolving Storms 114 .9.1 Broad ]scale convection and the development of tropical storms 114 .9.2 Tropical storm development and decline 114 .9.3 The effects of tropical revolving storms 120 .9.4 Storm tracks in the Pacific Ocean 124 .9.5 The formation and tracks of hurricanes in the North Atlantic Caribbean 125 .9.6 Tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean 126 .9.7 Tropical revolving storms in the south ]west Pacific 127 .9.8 Variability in the development of tropical storms 128 .9.9 Extra ]tropical transition 132 .9.10 Conclusion 132 .9.11 Questions 132 .10 Mesoscale Weather Systems 134 .10.1 Introduction 134 .10.2 Mesoscale convective complexes 134 .10.3 Sea ] and land ]breeze convergence zones 135 .10.4 Easterly waves and squall lines 139 .10.5 Mesoscale convective systems in northern India 143 .10.6 Depressions in north ]west India, north Pakistan and Afghanistan 144 .10.7 Cross ]equatorial flows 144 .10.8 Mesoscale convective systems in the Gulf of Guinea 145 .10.9 Local convection 145 .10.10 Extra ]tropical interaction with moist tropical air masses 148 .10.11 Conclusion 148 .10.12 Questions 149 .11 Forecasting Clouds and Weather 150 .11.1 Background 150 .11.2 Distribution of significant cloud 150 .11.3 The effect of high ground as an elevated heat source 155 .11.4 Tropical upper ]tropospheric troughs 157 .11.5 Effects of severe convection on aviation 159 .11.6 Questions 162 .12 The Variability of Weather and Climate Change in the Tropics 164 .12.1 Introduction 164 .12.2 El Niño La Niña 164 .12.3 The Madden Julian Oscillation 166 .12.4 The quasi ]biennial oscillation 168 .12.5 A discussion of anthropogenic climate change 171 .12.6 How is climate likely to change in the tropical zone? 172 .12.7 Modelling climate change 175 .12.8 Conclusion 176 .12.9 Questions 176 .13 Tropical Agriculture 177 .13.1 Agricultural productivity and tropical environments 177 .13.2 Agriculture in the humid tropics and the effects of forest clearance 178 .13.3 Agriculture in the savannas 180 .13.4 Dry ]land agriculture 180 .13.5 Weather and locust swarms 182 .13.6 The effects of agriculture in the tropics 183 .13.7 Agriculture and climate change 185 .13.8 Question 186 .14 The Importance of the Tropical Ozone Layer 187 .14.1 Background 187 .14.2 The role of the tropics in replenishing the extra ]tropical stratospheric ozone 191 .14.3 The effect of global warming on stratospheric ozone destruction in the tropics 193 .14.4 The effects of exposure to short ]wave radiation 194 .14.5 Current state of the stratospheric ozone layer 195 .14.6 Question 195 .15 Remote Sensing of Tropical Weather 196 .15.1 Background 196 .15.2 Satellite remote sensing 196 .15.3 Precipitation 197 .15.4 Wind profilers 199 .15.5 Thunderstorm observation 199 .15.6 Monitoring surface cover, fires and volcanic eruptions 199 .15.7 Question 202 .16 Tropical Weather and Health 203 .16.1 Introduction 203 .16.2 The effects of tropical sunshine and warmth 203 .16.3 Lifted dust and its effects on health 203 .16.4 Industrial and smoke pollution 204 .16.5 Parasitic and infectious diseases 204 .16.6 Response of the meteorological community 206 .16.7 Questions 206 .17 Conclusions and a Look to the Future 207 .17.1 A summary 207 .17.2 Forecasting the weather 208 .17.3 Questions 208 .Appendix 1 Observations from the Tropics 209 .Appendix 2 Named Winds of the Tropics 213 .Appendix 3 An Introduction to Cloud Types, Cloud Species and Precipitation 234 .A3.1 Introduction 234 .A3.2 The high clouds 235 .A3.3 The medium ]level clouds 235 .A3.4 The low clouds 236 .A3.5 Cloud species and varieties 239 .Appendix 4 An Introduction to Meteorological Diagrams, Stability, Instability and Aviation Weather Charts 246 .A4.1 Temperature pressure graphs 246 .A4.2 Stability and instability 248 .A4.3 Aviation ]significant weather charts 248 .Appendix 5 Snow in the Desert: A Case Study 250 .A5.1 Introduction 250 .A5.2 Development of a depression over the desert 250 .A5.3 The weather features associated with the upper low 253 .A5.4 Summary 256 .Appendix 6 A Climatic Summary for Tropical Countries and States 257 .Appendix 7 Two Easterly Waves in West Africa in Summer 2009: A Case Study 265 .A7.1 Introduction 265 .A7.2 The wave of 28 August to 5 September 2009 266 .A7.3 The wave of 2 11 September 2009 and the development of Hurricane Fred 270 .A7.4 A model for the development of squall lines in the Sahel 272 .A7.5 Conclusion 277 .References 280 .Glossary 293 .Index 303
- ISBN: 978-1-119-08622-2
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 328
- Fecha Publicación: 18/12/2015
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés