Osmosis Engineering

Osmosis Engineering provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art surrounding osmosis based research and industrial applications. The book covers the underpinning theories, technology developments and commercial applications. Sections discuss innovative and advanced membranes and modules for osmosis separation processes (e.g., reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, pressure retarded osmosis, osmotic membrane distillation), different application of these osmosis separation processes for energy and water separation, such as the treatment of radioactive waste, oily wastewater and heavy metal removal, draw solutions, pretreatment technologies, fouling effects, the use of renewable energy driven osmotic processes, computational, environmental and economic studies, and more. Covers state-of-the-art osmotic engineering technologies and applicationsPresents multidisciplinary topics in engineered osmosis, including both fundamental and applied EO conceptsIncludes major challenges such as fouling mitigation, membrane development, pre-treatment and energy usage INDICE: About the Editors Author Affiliations Preface Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is Osmotic Pressure? 1.3 Relation of Osmotic Pressure to Other Colligative Properties 1.3.1 Freezing Point Depression 1.3.2 Boiling Point Elevation 1.4 Origins of Osmotic Pressure in Solution 1.5 Osmotic Flow 1.6 Reflection Coefficient Chapter 2: Fundamentals and application of reverse osmosis membrane processes 21.1 Introduction 2.22. Principles of RO 2.2.1. Definition of osmotic pressure and RO 2.2.2. Theoretical minimum energy for separation from osmotic pressure 2.2.3. Permeation mechanism and equations in the RO process 2.2.4 Concentration polarization 2.2.5. Mass balance and pressure drop equations in the RO process 2.2.6. Energy consumption in the RO process 2.3. RO system and design 2.3.1. Single-stage/pass BWRO 2.3.2. Two/multistage BWRO 2.3.3. Single-stage/pass SWRO 2.3.4. Two-stage SWRO 2.3.5. Two-pass SWRO 2.3.5.1 Full two pass 2.3.5.2 Partial second pass 2.3.5.3 Split partial second pass 2.3.6. Internally staged design (ISD) 2.3.7. Pressure-center design 2.4. RO fouling 2.4.1. Particulate/colloidal fouling 2.4.2. Organic fouling 2.4.3. Biofouling 2.4.4. Scaling 2.5. Detection of RO fouling potential 2.5.1. Silt density index (SDI) 2.5.2. Modified fouling index (MFI) 2.6. Mitigation of RO fouling 2.6.1. Pretreatment processes 2.6.2. Membrane maintenance Chapter 3: Principles of Nanofiltration Membrane Processes 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Basic Principle of NF Membrane Separation Process 3.2.1 Steric Effect 3.2.2 Donnan Effect 3.2.3 Dielectric Effect 3.2.4 Transport Effect 3.2.5 Adsorption Effect 3.3. Synthesis and Modification of NF Membrane 3.3.1 Phase inversion 3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization 3.3.2.1 Monomer 3.2.2.2 Additives 3.3.2.3 Others 3.3.3 Grafting Polymerization 3.3.3.1 UV/ photo-grafting 3.3.3.2 EB irradiation 3.3.3.3 Plasma treatment 3.3.3.4 LBL 3.4. Design and Operation of NF Process 3.4.1 Module Design 3.4.2 Operation 3.5. Limitation of the NF Membrane Applications 3.5.1 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling 3.5.2 Factors Affectingof Membrane Fouling 3.5.3 Fouling Mitigation 3.5.3.1 Passive Fouling Control 3.5.3.2 Active Fouling Control 3.6 Conclusions Chapter 4. Recent Development in Nanofiltration Process Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Applications of Nanofiltration Membrane Process 4.2.1 Water and Wastewater 4.2.2 Desalination 4.2.3 Food Industry 4.2.4 Biorefinery Applications 4.2.5 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 4.3 Conclusions Chapter 5: Principles of Forward Osmosis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water flux in FO 5.3 Practical challenges in FO process 5.3.1 Concentration polarization 5.3.1.1 External concentration polarization (ECP) 5.3.1.2 Internal concentration polarization (ICP) 5.3.2 Reverse solute flux Chapter 6: Recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) and its implication in expanding applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Forward osmosis (FO) 6.2.1 Theoretical background 6.2.2. Process description 6.3 Technological Factors 6.3.1 FO membrane 6.3.2. Draw solution 6.4. Understanding of fouling in FO 6.4.1. Operation without hydraulic pressure 6.4.2. Bidirectional diffusion 6.4.3 Fouling control and cleaning in FO 6.5. Exploiting advantages of FO in its applications 6.5.1. Feed concentration process with high water recovery 6.5.1.1. High-quality product 6.5.1.2. Effective resource recovery 6.5.1.3. Minimal environmental impact 6.5.2. Draw dilution process with lower energy consumption 6.5.2.1. Standalone FO system: direct use 6.5.2.2. Hybrid FO systems 6.5.2.2.1. Indirect desalting process along with wastewater reclamation 6.5.2.2.1. Direct desalting process for draw solute recovery 6.6 Conclusions and perspectives Chapter 7: Principle and theoretical background of pressure retarded osmosis process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory and modelling of osmotic pressure 7.2.1 Pitzer model for osmotic pressure 7.2.2 Laar's model for osmotic pressure 7.2.3 Water and solute activities 7.2.4 Newton- Raphson method for osmotic pressure 7.3 Osmotic power generation 7.3.1 Van't Hoff model for Gibbs free energy 7.3.2 Piston model for Gibbs energy and energy density 7.4 Dual- and Multi-stage PRO process Chapter 8: Application of PRO process for seawater and wastewater treatment: Assessment of membrane performance 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Modelling PRO process 8.2.1 Water flux and extractable power 8.2.2 Reverse solute flux 8.2.3 Concentration polarization 8.2.3.1 Internal concentration polarization 8.2.3.2 External concentration polarization 8.3. Membrane Development 8.3.1 Performance of RO flat sheet membranes 8.3.2 Performance of FO flat sheet membranes 8.3.3 Performance of TFC flat sheet membranes 8.3.4 Performance of nanofibre supported flat sheet membranes 8.3.5 Performance of hollow fibre membranes 8.4 Applications in seawater and wastewater treatment 8.4.1 Individual PRO pilot plant 8.4.2 Hybrid PRO processes 8.4.2.1 RO-PRO system 8.4.2.2 PRO-FO system 8.4.2.3 PRO-MD system 8.4.2.4 NF-PRO system 8.5 Conclusions and future research needs Chapter 9: Osmotic distillation and osmotic membrane distillation for the treatment of different feed solutions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Membranes used in OD & OMD processes 9.3 Osmotic solutions used in OD & OMD processes 9.4 Mechanism of transport in OD and OMD: Temperature polarization, concentration polarization and theoretical models 9.4.1. Mass transfer through the membrane 9.4.2. Heat transfer in OD and OMD 9.4.3. Heat and mass transfer boundary layers: Temperature and concentration polarization effects in OD and OMD 9.5. OD & OMD Applications and effects of different involved operating parameters 9.5.1. Temperature effect 9.5.2 Flowrate Effect 9.5.3 Osmotic solution effect 9.6. Conclusions Chapter 10: Thermo-osmosis (TO) 10.1 Introduction and a brief historical review 10.2. Membranes for TO 10.3. Electrolyte solutions used in TO 10.4. Theoretical studies developed for TO 10.4.1. TO and linear irreversible thermodynamics processes (ITP) 10.4.2. TO using intermolecular interactions 10.4.3. TO for energy conversion 10.5 Applications of TO process Chapter 11: The Applications of Integrated Osmosis Processes for Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Osmosis Processes 11.2.1 Integration of Osmosis Processes 11.3 Integrated osmosis process for desalination 11.3.1 Integration of RO process 11.3.1.1 RO-AD and RO-NF 11.3.1.2 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO 11.3.1.3 RO-PRO 11.3.2 Integration of FO process 11.3.2.1 FO-RO 11.3.2.2 FO-MD 11.3.2.3 FO-UF and FO-NF 11.3.3 Integration of PRO process 11.3.3.1 PRO-RO 11.3.3.2 PRO-MD 11.4 Integrated osmosis process for wastewater treatment 11.4.1 Integration of RO process 11.4.1.1 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO 11.4.2 Integration of FO process 11.4.2.1 FO-RO 11.4.2.2 FO-MD 11.4.4.3 FO-NF 11.4.3 Integration of PRO process 11.4.3.1 PRO-RO 11.4.3.2 UF-PRO, NF-PRO 11.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions Chapter 12: Development and Implementations of Integrated Osmosis System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Development of Integrated Osmosis System 12.2.1 Reverse Osmosis-Forward Osmosis (FO-RO) 12.2.2 Reverse Osmosis - Membrane Distillation (RO-MD) 12.2.3 Forward Osmosis - Membrane Distillation (FO-MD) 12.3 Implementation of Integrated Osmosis System 12.3.1 Integrated FO-RO system 12.3.2 Integrated RO-MD system 12.3.3 Integrated FO-MD system 12.4 Conclusion and Future Research Directions Conclusions

• ISBN: 978-0-12-821016-1
• Editorial: Elsevier
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 612
• Fecha Publicación: 01/04/2021
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés