INDICE: Section I. Introduction and Techniques (1) Autophagy: regulation and targets. (Dan Klionsky, University of Michigan; Ana Maria Cuervo, Albert Einstein college of Medicine.) An overview of the known basics regarding the autophagy pathway, with information taken from model systems in yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans, as well as mouse, rat, and tissue culture studies, with a particular eye toward proteins which are targeted by infectious agents. (2) The techniques of autophagy. (Isei Tanida, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo; Per Seglen, Norwegian Radium Hospital.) An important feature of this monograph will be an emphasis on proper techniques and assays for testing autophagy. This chapter will provide an initial overview of the most up–to–date basic techniques and their function and proper interpretation. Section II. Viral Infection and Autophagy (3) The antiviral autophagic response to viruses. (Beth Levine, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Jae U. Jung, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.) For many viruses, autophagy is a degradative antiviral response to be avoided. This first chapter will cover that aspect of autophagy, in particular with respect to the best–studied viruses including Sindbis Virus, HSV–1, TMV, and VSV. (4) The autophagosome as an RNA virus haven. (William Jackson, Medical College of Wisconsin; J. Lindsay Whitton, Scripps Institute.) The positive strand RNA viruses have stood out as viruses whose replication is promoted by autophagy. Recent work has shown that early–stage autophagosomes play a role in RNA replication, while late stage autophagosomes promote infectious virion formation. This chapter will describe these roles and their implications. (5) Flaviviruses, autophagy, and lipophagy. (Glenn Randall, University of Chicago; Francis Chisari, Scripps Institute.) One of the most interesting virus families in the autophagy field have been the flaviviruses, including Hepatitis C Virus and Dengue Fever Virus, about which a variety of conflicting publications have been produced in the last several years. This chapter will summarize that work and attempt to synthesize the large amount of data in a frequently controversial field. (6) The complex relationships between HIV and autophagy. (Stephen Spector, University of California, San Diego; Vojo Deretic, University of New Mexico.) Another field awash in controversy, multiple groups have found that the autophagy pathway can have variable effects on HIV infection. This chapter will assess the data in each case for arguably the most medically important virus of our time. Section III. Parasitic Infection and Autophagy (7) Autophagy in protists and in their host cells. (Maria Colombo, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo–CONICET, Argentina; Paul Michaels, Lancaster University, UK) This chapter introduces the topics of the section, while summarizing work on several organisms for which the volume of work may not justify a separate chapter, including T. cruzi and Chlamydia. (8) Autophagy: life or death for Toxoplasma gondii. (Anthony P. Sinai, University of Kentucky; Sébastien Besteiro, University of Montpelier, France.) This chapter will cover the complex stories regarding autophagy in the T. gondii protist itself as well as how autophagy is utilized by host cells to respond to T. gondii infection. (9) Regulation of autophagy by Leishmania species. (Graham H. Coombs, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.) Autophagy plays important roles in development and homeostasis of Leishmania. Host macrophages respond to Leishmania infection by inducing autophagy. This chapter will cover the ways in which autophagy affects the life cycle of this parasite. (10) Conserved autophagy proteins with unique functions in parasites. (Noboru Mizushima, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Isabelle Coppens, Johns Hopkins.) In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, autophagic proteins are involved in organelle degradation during differentiation into replication–competent schizonts. This chapter will discuss these novel and exciting findings. Section IV. Bacterial Infection and Autophagy (11) Bacteria and autophagy: an overview. (John Brumell, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Maria Colombo, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo–CONICET, Argentina.) An introduction to the themes of the section overall, with emphasis on the techniques specific to bacterial study. In addition, the chapter will review several bacteria whose relationship to autophagy has been studied less extensively than those with separate chapters in this section. (12) Bacteria targeted for destruction by autophagy. (Jefferey Cox, UCSF; Felix Randow, MRC, Cambridge.) This chapter will describe several bacteria, including Salmonella and M. tuberculosis, which are susceptible to the innate immune response of autophagy but avoid degradation and succeed in the face of this targeting. (13) Subversion of the host autophagic pathway by pathogenic bacteria. (Jean Celli, Rocky Mountain Laboratories; Susheela Tridandapani ,The Ohio State University.) An examination of bacteria which not only avoid host autophagic degradation but subvert the pathwayto promote their own repication. Bacteria covered include Brucella and Francisella among others. (14) Vacuolar escape strategies of intracellular bacteria. (Stephen E. Girardin, University of Toronto; Pascale Cossart, Institut Pasteur.) One bacterial strategy for avoiding autophagy involves escaping the entry vacuole before it becomes autophagic. This chapter will compare and contrast what is known about the mechanisms for vacuolar escape in several bacteria, including two of the best–studied, Listeria and Shigella. (15) The autophagic pause that allows survival. (Michele Swanson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; James Bliska, Stony Brook.) In some cases, intracellular bacteria such as Legionella and Yersinia have evolved mechanisms for delaying maturation of the autophagosome into a degradative organelle. This extends the existence of the nascent autophagosome as a harbor to promote bacterial replication. This chapter outlines what is known about the mechanisms that induce this delay. (16) The balance between H. pylori, ATG16, and Chron’s disease. (Nicola Jones, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.) One of the most interesting stories in autophagy and disease is the interplay between the ulcer–associated bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the autophagy gene ATG16, and Chron’s disease. In this chapter, which bridges into the next section, we learn what is known about this balance between bacteria and host genetics. Section V. Autophagy and the Immune Response (17) Autophagy, infectious stresses, and the immune system. (Padmaja Gade, Univeristy of Maryland; Michael T. Lotze, University of Pittsburgh) In this chapter, the relationship between the autophagic pathway and the immune system will be explored in detail. Pathways discussed will include cell death pathways, PAMP signaling, ER stress responses, and nutrient and oxygen deprivation signals. (18) The non classical role of ATG16 and the autophagic pathway in disease and immune signaling. (Skip Virgin, Washington University.) Autophagic signaling pathways are not only responsible for degradation but are important for regulating release of immune molecules such as IFN–gamma and normal function of Paneth cells. This chapter will discuss the consequences of the non–degradative roles of autophagic pathways in immunity and disease. (19) Antigen processing and the autophagy pathway. (Christian Münz, University Hospital of Zürich; Janice Blum, Indiana University School of Medicine.) Autophagic degradation plays a significant role in providing peptides for presentation of antigens on the surfaces of cells, including professional antigen–presenting cells. This concluding chapter will describe recent advances in understanding how both MHC Class I and Class II presentation is affected by autophagy.
- ISBN: 978-1-118-67764-3
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 362
- Fecha Publicación: 01/12/2014
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés