There are a large number of books available on fuel cells; however, the majority are on specific types of fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, or on specific technical aspects of fuel cells, e.g., the system or stack engineering. Thus, there is a need for a book focused on materials requirements in fuel cells. Key Materials in High–Temperature Fuel Cells is a concise source of the most important and key materials and catalysts in high–temperature fuel cells with emphasis on the most important solid oxide fuel cells. A related book will cover key materials in low–temperature fuel cells. The two books form part of the ?Materials for Sustainable Energy & Development? series. Key Materials in High–Temperature Fuel Cells brings together world leaders and experts in this field and provides a lucid description of the materials assessment of fuel cell technologies. With an emphasis on the technical development and applications of key materials in high–temperature fuel cells, this text covers fundamental principles, advancement, challenges, and important current research themes. Topics covered include: advanced anodes for hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels; oxide ion conducting materials for electrolytes; metallic interconnect materials of solid oxide fuel cells; materials and design for micro–SOFCs; advanced cathodes of solid oxide fuel cells; materials and processing for metal–supported solid oxide fuel cells; degradation and poisoning issues of electrode materials of solid oxide fuel cells, status and challenges in molten carbonate fuel cells; and key materials in direct carbon and phosphoric acid fuel cells This book is an essential reference source for researchers, engineers and technicians in academia, research institutes and industry working in the fields of fuel cells, energy materials, electrochemistry and materials science and engineering. INDICE: Series Editor Preface XIII Preface XV About the Series Editor XVII About the Volume Editor XIX List of Contributors XXI 1 Advanced Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1 Steven McIntosh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ni–YSZ Anode Overview 2 1.3 Insights from Real Ni–YSZ Microstructures 7 1.4 Mechanistic Understanding of Fuel Oxidation in Ni–Based Anodes 9 1.4.1 Hydrogen Oxidation 9 1.4.2 Hydrocarbon Fuels in Ni–Based Anodes 14 1.5 Poisoning of Ni–Based Anodes 19 1.6 Alternative Anode Materials for Direct Hydrocarbon Utilization 21 1.6.1 Electronic Conductivity of Alternative Materials 22 1.6.2 Electrocatalytic Activity of Alternative Anode Materials 28 1.6.3 Poisoning of Alternative Anode Materials 33 1.7 Infiltration as an Alternative Fabrication Method 33 1.8 Summary and Outlook 36 References 37 2 Advanced Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 49 Wei Zhou, Zongping Shao, Chan Kwak, and Hee Jung Park 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Cathodes on Oxygen–Ion–Conducting Electrolytes 51 2.2.1 Cathodes on Doped Ceria Electrolytes 52 2.2.1.1 Perovskite 53 2.2.1.2 Double Perovskites 59 2.2.2 Cathodes on Stabilized Zirconia Electrolytes 65 2.2.2.1 La1−xSrxMnO3–Based Perovskites 65 2.2.2.2 Doped La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 66 2.2.2.3 Cobalt–Containing Cathodes with a Buffering Layer 67 2.3 Cathodes on Proton–Conducting Electrolytes 70 2.3.1 Cobaltite 71 2.3.2 Ferrite 72 2.3.3 Bismuthate 73 2.4 Advanced Techniques in Cathode Fabrication 73 2.4.1 Wet Impregnation 73 2.4.1.1 Alleviated Phase Reaction 74 2.4.1.2 Optimized Microstructure 74 2.4.1.3 Matched Thermal Expansion Coefficient 76 2.4.1.4 Reduced Cost of Metal Catalyst 76 2.4.2 Surfactant–Assisted Assembly Approach 77 2.4.3 Spray Pyrolysis 78 2.5 Summary 79 References 80 3 Oxide Ion–Conducting Materials for Electrolytes 97 Tatsumi Ishihara 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Oxide Ion Conductivity in Metal Oxide 98 3.2.1 Fluorite Oxides 98 3.2.1.1 Stabilized ZrO2 99 3.2.1.2 Doped CeO2 103 3.2.2 Perovskite Oxide 106 3.2.3 Perovskite–Related Oxide 112 3.2.4 New Class of Oxide Ion–Conducting Oxide 116 3.3 Electrolyte Efficiency 121 3.4 Strain Effects on Oxide Ion Conductivity 124 3.5 Degradation in Conductivity 127 3.6 Concluding Remarks 129 References 129 4 Proton–Conducting Materials as Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 133 Rong Lan and Shanwen Tao 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 The Principle of Proton–Conducting Oxides 133 4.3 Proton–Conducting Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 135 4.3.1 BaCeO3– and BaZrO3–Based Proton–Conducting Oxides 135 4.3.2 Other Perovskite–Related Proton–Conducting Oxides 137 4.3.3 Niobate– and Tantalate–Based Proton–Conducting Oxides 138 4.3.4 Proton Conduction in Typical O2− Ion Conducting Materials 138 4.3.5 Other Proton–Conducting Materials 139 4.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Proton–Conducting Electrolytes 140 4.5 Electrode Materials and Anode Reactions for SOFCs Based on Proton–Conducting Electrolytes 148 4.6 Conclusion 151 References 152 5 Metallic Interconnect Materials of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 159 Li Jian, Hua Bin, and Zhang Wenying 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Oxidation Behaviors of Candidate Alloys 162 5.2.1 Oxidation in Cathode Atmosphere 163 5.2.2 Oxidation in Anode Atmosphere 167 5.2.3 Oxidation in Dual Atmospheres 172 5.2.4 Chromium Evaporation from Metallic Interconnects 175 5.2.5 Compatibility with Cell and Stack Components 178 5.3 Electrical Properties of Oxide Scale 180 5.4 Surface Modifications and Coatings 184 5.4.1 RE and Metallic Element Coatings 184 5.4.2 Perovskite Oxide Coatings 186 5.4.3 Spinel Oxides 189 5.5 New Alloy Development 191 5.6 Summary 194 References 198 6 Sealants for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 215 Qingshan Zhu, Lian Peng, and Tao Zhang 6.1 Introduction 215 6.2 Glass and Glass–Ceramic Sealants 216 6.2.1 Properties Related to Short–Term Performance 216 6.2.2 Properties Related to Long–Term Performance 222 6.2.3 Sealing Structure Optimization 229 6.3 Mica 230 6.3.1 The Leakage Mechanism of Mica 231 6.3.2 The Effect of Compressive Stress and Differential Pressure on the Leak Rate of Mica 231 6.3.3 The Effect of Long–Term Aging on the Leak Rate of Mica 233 6.3.4 The Effect of Thermal Cycles on the Leak Rate of Mica 234 6.3.5 The Combined Effect of Aging and Thermal Cycles on the Leak Rate of Mica 235 6.4 Metal Braze 235 6.5 Composite Sealants 236 6.6 Conclusion 237 Acknowledgment 239 References 239 7 Degradation and Durability of Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 245 Kongfa Chen and San Ping Jiang 7.1 Introduction 245 7.2 Anodes 246 7.2.1 Sintering and Agglomeration of Ni Particles 246 7.2.2 Redox Cycling 249 7.2.3 Carbon Deposition 252 7.2.4 Sulfur Poisoning 256 7.2.5 Poisoning by Impurities in Coal Gasification Syngas 260 7.2.6 Silicon Contamination 262 7.3 Cathodes 263 7.3.1 Degradation due to Interfacial Chemical Reactions 263 7.3.2 Microstructure Degradation 265 7.3.3 Chromium Poisoning 269 7.3.4 Contaminants from Glass Sealant 275 7.3.5 Poisoning by Impurities in Ambient Air 276 7.4 Degradation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 279 7.4.1 Fuel Electrodes 280 7.4.2 Oxygen Electrodes 282 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 286 References 287 8 Materials and Processing for Metal–Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 309 Rob Hui 8.1 Introduction 309 8.2 Cell Architectures 310 8.3 Substrate Materials and Challenges 313 8.3.1 Requirements for Substrates 313 8.3.2 Properties of Selected Alloys 314 8.3.2.1 Selected Alloys and Roles of Elements 314 8.3.2.2 Oxidation in Oxidizing or Reducing Atmosphere 316 8.3.2.3 Scale Conductivity 318 8.3.2.4 Additional Improvement 320 8.4 Cell Fabrication and Challenges 321 8.4.1 Sintering Approaches 322 8.4.2 Deposition Approaches 326 8.5 Summary 333 References 334 9 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 341 Stephen J. McPhail, Ping–Hsun Hsieh, and Jan Robert Selman 9.1 Introduction 341 9.1.1 Development History of the MCFCs 342 9.2 Operating Principle 344 9.3 State–of–the–Art Components 347 9.3.1 Electrolytes 349 9.3.2 Electrolyte Support 351 9.3.3 Anode Materials 352 9.3.4 Cathode Materials 353 9.4 General Needs 354 9.4.1 NiO Dissolution from the Cathode 354 9.4.2 Creeping in the Anode 355 9.4.3 Electrolyte Loss 356 9.4.4 Corrosion of Cell Hardware 357 9.4.5 Electrolyte Optimization 358 9.4.6 Power Density 359 9.4.7 Tolerance to Contaminants 360 9.5 Status of MCFC Systems Implementation 362 References 367 Index 373
- ISBN: 978-3-527-33041-6
- Editorial: Wiley VCH
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 392
- Fecha Publicación: 05/06/2013
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés