Forest Mensuration

INDICE: Preface xiv .1 Introduction 1 .1.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management, 2 .1.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests, 3 .1.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources, 4 .1.4. Design and Planning of Inventories, 5 .2 Principles of Measurement 13 .2.1. Scales of Measurement, 14 .2.2. Units of Measurement, 16 .2.3. Systems of Measurement, 16 .2.4. Variables, 21 .2.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias, 21 .2.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off, 23 .2.7. Data Summary and Presentation, 27 .2.8. Fundamental Measurements, 30 .3 Basic Statistical Concepts 34 .3.1. Descriptive Statistics, 34 .3.2. Frequency Distributions, 38 .3.3. Measures of Central Tendency, 40 .3.4. Measures of Dispersion, 42 .3.5. Sampling Error, 45 .3.6. Sample Size Determination, 50 .3.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals, 52 .3.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation, 53 .3.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation, 63 .4 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 67 .4.1. Land Distance and Area Units, 68 .4.2. Measuring Distances, 68 .4.3. Measuring Area in the Field, 73 .4.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos, 73 .4.5. Determination of Photo Scale, 76 .4.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass, 80 .4.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys, 82 .4.8. Global Positioning Systems, 86 .4.9. Geographic Information Systems, 89 .5 Individual Tree Parameters 92 .5.1. Age, 92 .5.2. Tree Diameters and Cross –Sectional Areas, 95 .5.3. Height, 108 .5.4. Form, 121 .5.5. Crown Parameters, 125 .5.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches, 130 .6 Determination of Tree Volume, Weight, and Biomass 135 .6.1. Measurement of Individual Trees, 137 .6.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass, 156 .6.3. Tabular Estimation, 160 .6.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees, 167 .6.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content, 173 .6.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation, 179 .6.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material, 179 .7 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 184 .7.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products, 184 .7.2. Log Rules, 186 .7.3. Board Foot Log Rules, 186 .7.4. Log Scaling, 195 .7.5. Scaling Stacked Volume, 199 .7.6. Volume Unit Conversion, 200 .7.7. Scaling By Weight, 204 .8 Stand Parameters 210 .8.1. Age, 211 .8.2. Species Composition, 212 .8.3. Diameter, 219 .8.4. Height, 228 .8.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass, 232 .8.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements, 236 .8.7. Understory and Regeneration, 239 .8.8. Site Quality, 250 .8.9. Density and Stocking, 259 .9 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 273 .9.1. The Factor Concept, 274 .9.2. Fixed –Area Plots, 276 .9.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability, 287 .9.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling, 298 .9.5. Distance –Based Sampling Units, 299 .9.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units, 303 .10 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 305 .10.1. Basic Considerations, 305 .10.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS), 311 .10.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS), 318 .10.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling, 326 .10.5. Stratified Sampling (STS), 327 .10.6. Cluster Sampling, 334 .10.7. Multistage Sampling, 338 .10.8. Sampling with Covariates, 343 .10.9. List Sampling, 353 .10.10. 3P Sampling, 357 .11 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 361 .11.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS), 362 .11.2. Subsampling in HPS, 377 .11.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques, 386 .12 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 393 .12.1. Fixed –Area Plots, 394 .12.2. Line Intersect Sampling, 398 .12.3. Angle Gauge Methods, 406 .12.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS), 414 .12.5. Other Methods, 425 .12.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods, 427 .13 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 429 .13.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data, 429 .13.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification, 442 .13.3. Individual Tree Measurements, 446 .13.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates, 449 .14 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 455 .14.1. Individual Tree Growth, 456 .14.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth, 460 .14.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth, 465 .14.4. Stand and Forest Growth, 474 .14.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield, 479 .14.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems, 494 .14.7. Growth and Yield Models, 503 .Appendix 519 .References 550 .Index 592

  • ISBN: 978-1-118-90203-5
  • Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
  • Encuadernacion: Cartoné
  • Páginas: 632
  • Fecha Publicación: 30/12/2016
  • Nº Volúmenes: 1
  • Idioma: Inglés