Fluvial Geomorphology studies the biophysical processes acting in rivers, and the sediment patterns and landforms resulting from them. It is a discipline of synthesis, with roots in geology, geography, and river engineering, and with strong interactions with allied fields such as ecology and landscape architecture. This book comprehensively reviews tools used in fluvial geomorphology, at a level suitable to guide the selection of research methods for a given question. Presenting an integrated approach to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, it provides guidance for researchers and professionals on the tools available to answer questions on river restoration and management. Thoroughly updated since the first edition in 2003 by experts in their subfields, the book presents state–of–the–art tools that have revolutionized fluvial geomorphology in recent decades, such as e.g., physical and numerical modelling, remote sensing and GIS, new field techniques and advances in dating, tracking and sourcing, statistical approaches as well as more traditional methods such as system concept, stratigraphic analysis, form and flow characterisation or historical analysis. This book: Covers five main types of geomorphological questions and their associated tools: historical framework; spatial framework; chemical, physical and biological methods; analysis of processes and forms; and future understanding framework. Provides guidance on advantages and limitations of different tools for different applications, data sources, equipment and supplies needed, and case studies illustrating their application in an integrated perspective. It is an essential resource for researchers and professional geomorphologists, hydrologists, geologists, engineers, planners, and ecologists concerned with river management, conservation and restoration. It is a useful supplementary textbook for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in Geography, Geology, Environmental Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and interdisciplinary courses in river management and restoration. INDICE: List of Contributors xi .Preface xv .Section I: Background .1 Tools in fluvial geomorphology: problem statement and recent practice 3 G. Mathias Kondolf and Hervé Piégay .1.1 Introduction 3 .1.2 Tools and fluvial geomorphology: the terms 4 .1.3 What is a tool in fluvial geomorphology? 4 .1.4 Overview and trends of tools used in the field 9 .1.5 Scope and organization of this book 9 .Acknowledgements 11 .References 11 .Section II: The Temporal Framework: Dating and Assessing Geomorphological Trends .2 Surficial geological tools in fluvial geomorphology 15 Robert B. Jacobson, Jim E. O Connor and Takashi Oguchi .2.1 Introduction 15 .2.2 Overview of surficial geological approaches 15 .2.3 Applications of surficial geological approaches to geomorphic interpretation 27 .2.4 Summary and conclusions 33 .References 34 .3 Archaeology and human artefacts 40 Anthony G. Brown, François Petit and L. Allen James .3.1 Introduction 40 .3.2 General considerations in using archaeological evidence in geomorphology 40 .3.3 Archaeological tools 41 .3.4 Legacy sediment 44 .3.5 Using archaeological data: case studies 45 .3.6 Conclusions 51 .References 52 .4 Using historical data in fluvial geomorphology 56 Robert C. Grabowski and Angela M. Gurnell .4.1 Introduction 56 .4.2 The documentary record 57 .4.3 The cartographic record 63 .4.4 The topographic record 66 .4.5 The modern historical record: remote–sensing 69 .4.6 Conclusion 71 .Acknowledgements 71 .References 71 .Section III: The Spatial Framework: Emphasizing Spatial Structure and Nested Character of Fluvial Forms .5 System approaches in fluvial geomorphology 79 Hervé Piégay .5.1 System, fluvial system, hydrosystem 79 .5.2 Components of the fluvial system 83 .5.3 Fluvial system, a conceptual tool for geomorphologists 84 .5.4 Examples of applications 95 .5.5 Conclusions 98 .Acknowledgements 98 .References 100 .6 Analysis of aerial photography and other remotely sensed data for fluvial geomorphology and river science 103 David Gilvear and Robert Bryant .6.1 Introduction 103 .6.2 The physical basis 103 .6.3 River geomorphology and in–channel processes 115 .6.4 Floodplain geomorphology and fluvial processes 119 .6.5 Conclusions 122 .Acknowledgements 122 .References 128 .7 Geomorphic classification of rivers and streams 133 G. Mathias Kondolf, Hervé Piégay, Laurent Schmitt and David R. Montgomery .7.1 Introduction 133 .7.2 Classifications for fluvial understanding 138 .7.3 Interactions between geomorphic classifications and ecology 143 .7.4 Geomorphic classification and quality of river environments 144 .7.5 Applying geomorphic classification schemes to fluvial systems 148 .Acknowledgements 153 .References 153 .8 Modelling catchment processes 159 Peter W. Downs and Rafael Real de Asua .8.1 Introduction 159 .8.2 Approaches to catchment processes modelling 160 .8.3 Conceptual models 160 .8.4 Problem–centred interpretative models 161 .8.5 Data–driven empirical models 163 .8.6 Numerical models 164 .8.7 Tools for developing a catchment process model: representation and accuracy considerations 168 .Acknowledgements 174 .References 175 .Section IV: Chemical, Physical and Biological Evidence: Dating, Emphasizing Spatial Structure and Fluvial Processes .9 Using environmental radionuclides, mineral magnetism and sediment geochemistry for tracing and dating fine fluvial sediments 183 DesWalling and Ian Foster .9.1 Introduction 183 .9.2 The tools 183 .9.3 Applications 187 .9.4 Case study 200 .9.5 The prospect 201 .References 202 .10 Vegetation as a tool in the interpretation of fluvial geomorphic processes and landforms 210 Cliff R. Hupp, Simon Dufour and Gudrun Bornette .10.1 Introduction 210 .10.2 Scientific background: plant ecological fluvial geomorphic relations 210 .10.3 Vegetation as a tool: an overview 211 .10.4 Dendrogeomorphology in fluvial systems 216 .10.5 Description of fluvial landforms through vegetation 220 .10.6 Communities as an indicator of disturbance regime 223 .10.7 Conclusions 225 .References 226 .Section V: Analysis of Processes and Forms: Water and Sediment Interactions .11 Channel form and adjustment: characterization, measurement, interpretation and analysis 237 Andrew Simon, Janine Castro and Massimo Rinaldi .11.1 Introduction 237 .11.2 Characterization and measurement 237 .11.3 Interpretation and analysis 249 .11.4 Conclusions 254 .References 254 .12 Flow measurement and characterization 260 Peter J.Whiting .12.1 Introduction 260 .12.2 Velocity measurement 260 .12.3 Discharge measurements 265 .12.4 Indirect methods of discharge estimation 270 .12.5 Flow hydrographs and analysis of flow records 271 .12.6 Issues in selecting methods 273 .12.7 Conclusion 275 .References 275 .13 Measuring bed sediment 278 G. Mathias Kondolf andThomas E. Lisle .13.1 Introduction 278 .13.2 Attributes and reporting of sediment size distributions 278 .13.3 Particle shape and roundness 282 .13.4 Surface versus subsurface layers in gravel bed rivers 283 .13.5 Sampling sand and finer grained sediment 283 .13.6 Sampling and describing the surface of gravel beds 284 .13.7 Subsurface sampling methods 289 .13.8 Sample size requirements 290 .13.9 Comparability of pebble counts and bulk samples 293 .13.10 Sampling strategy 293 .13.11Applications of bed sediment sampling related to aquatic habitat 295 .13.12Case study: determining changes in fine sediment content during flushing flows, Trinity River, California 297 .13.13Case study: application of V? to French and Bear Creeks, California 298 .13.14Conclusion: selecting an appropriate sampling method 299 .Acknowledgement 302 .References 302 .14 Coarse particle tracing in fluvial geomorphology 306 Marwan A. Hassan and André G. Roy .14.1 Introduction 306 .14.2 Tracing methods 312 .14.3 Conclusion 319 .Acknowledgements 319 .References 319 .15 Sediment transport 324 D. Murray Hicks and Basil Gomez .15.1 Introduction 324 .15.2 Basic concepts 324 .15.3 Suspended load sampling and monitoring 326 .15.4 Bedload sampling, measurement and prediction 335 .15.5 Total load 342 .15.6 Estimating sediment yields from reservoir sedimentation 342 .15.7 Key points for designing a sediment measurement programme a summary 343 .15.8 Case example: sediment budget for Upper Clutha River, New Zealand 345 .Acknowledgements 347 .References 347 .16 Sediment budgets as an organizing framework in fluvial geomorphology 357 Leslie M. Reid andThomas Dunne .16.1 Introduction 357 .16.2 Understanding and assessing components of the sediment system 360 .16.3 Designing a sediment budget 366 .16.4 Examples 373 .16.5 Conclusions 375 .References 375 .Section VI: Discriminating, Simulating and Modelling Processes and Trends .17 Models in fluvial geomorphology 383 Marco J. Van deWiel, Yannick Y. Rousseau and Stephen E. Darby .17.1 Introduction 383 .17.2 Conceptual models 385 .17.3 Statistical models 385 .17.4 Analytical models 387 .17.5 Numerical models 389 .17.6 Use of remote sensing and GIS in fluvial geomorphological modelling 393 .17.7 Physical models 394 .17.8 Overview of the modelling process 394 .17.9 Modelling applications in fluvial geomorphology 395 .17.10Generic framework for fluvial geomorphological modelling applications 397 .17.11Case study: meander dynamics 399 .17.12Conclusion 402 .Acknowledgements 403 .References 403 .18 Modelling flow, sediment transport and morphodynamics in rivers 412 Jonathan M. Nelson, Richard R. McDonald, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Ichiro Kimura, Mohamed Nabi and Kazutake Asahi .18.1 Introduction 412 .18.2 Flow conservation laws 413 .18.3 Sediment–transport relations 420 .18.4 Numerical methods 421 .18.5 One–dimensional models 422 .18.6 Two–dimensional models 423 .18.7 Three–dimensional models 426 .18.8 Bank evolution models 432 .18.9 Bedform models 432 .18.10 Practical considerations 435 .18.11Conclusions and future directions 439 .References 439 .19 Modelling fluvial morphodynamics 442 James E. Pizzuto .19.1 Introduction 442 .19.2 Modelling longitudinal profiles 443 .19.3 Modelling hydraulic geometry of rivers 445 .19.4 Modelling channel planforms 447 .19.5 Modelling floodplain sedimentation and erosion 450 .19.6 Conclusion 451 .References 452 .20 Experimental studies and practical challenges in fluvial geomorphology 456 François Métivier, Chris Paola, Jessica L. Kozarek and Michal Tal .20.1 Introduction 456 .20.2 Experimental methods and facilities 457 .20.3 Example experimental studies 463 .20.4 Scaling issues and application of experimental results 469 .20.5 Additional areas for experimentation 470 .20.6 Conclusion 472 .Acknowledgements 472 .References 472 .21 Statistics and fluvial geomorphology 476 Hervé Piégay and Lise Vaudor .21.1 Introduction 476 .21.2 Bivariate statistics to explore patterns of forms and their .21.3 Exploration of datasets using multivariate statistics 482 .21.4 Describing, explaining and predicting through probabilities and distributions 487 .21.5 Describing, explaining and predicting variables in space and time 491 .21.6 Relevance and limitations of statistical tools 496 .21.7 Conclusion 502 .Acknowledgements 503 .References 503 .Section VII: Conclusion: Applying the Tools .22 Integrating geomorphological tools to address practical problems in river management and restoration 509 Hervé Piégay, G. Mathias Kondolf and David A. Sear .22.1 Introduction 509 .22.2 Motivations for applying fluvial geomorphology 509 .22.3 Meeting the demand: geomorphological training and application 510 .22.4 The role of geomorphology in planning and management 511 .22.5 Current geomorphological practices 512 .22.6 Case study: preventing erosion risks, from top–down to bottom–up approaches 520 .22.7 Case study: pre–appraisal approach for sediment reintroduction in the Rhine: evaluating risks of restoring processes 522 .22.8 Case study: the River Wylye: a post–projectmonitoring framework to establish the performance of a range of rehabilitation schemes 524 .22.9 Conclusion 527 .Acknowledgements 529 .References 529 .Index 533
- ISBN: 978-0-470-68405-4
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 584
- Fecha Publicación: 03/06/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés