This book describes various aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology and includes a historical prospective, nanotechnology working in nature, man –made nanomaterial and impact of nanotechnology illustrated with examples. It goes on to describes general synthetic approaches and strategies and also deals with the characterization of nanomaterial using modern tools and techniques to give basic understanding to those interested in learning this emerging area. It then deals with different kinds of nanomaterial such as inorganics, carbon based–, nanocomposites and self–assembled/supramolecular nano structures in terms of their varieties, synthesis, properties etc. In addition, it contains chapters devoted to unique properties with mathematical treatment wherever applicable and the novel applications dealing with information technology, pollution control (environment, water), energy, nanomedicine, healthcare, consumer goods etc. INDICE: 1. Introduction .1.1 Definitions of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies .1.2 Uniqueness of the Nanoscale .1.3 Nanoscience in Nature .1.4 Historical Perspective .1.5 Nanomaterials .1.5.1 Nanoparticles .1.5.2 Nanowires and Nanotubes .1.5.3 Nanolayers/Nanocoatings .1.5.4 Nano pores .1.6 Synthesis of Nanomaterials .1.7 Properties of nanomaterials .1.8 Significance/Impact of nanoscience .1.9 Commercial products .1.9.1 Food .1.9.2 Cosmetics .1.9.3 Textile .1.9.4 Medicine .1.9.5 Electrical and electronics .1.10 Potential health hazards and environmental risks .1.11 Futuristic Out–look .Review Questions .References .2. Nano Materials: General Synthetic Approaches .2.1 Introduction .2.2 Top down Approach: .2.2.1 Mechanical milling .2.2.2 Mechanochemical processing (MCP) .2.2.3 Electro–explosion .2.2.4 Sputtering .2.2.5 Etching .2.2.6 Laser Ablation .2.2.7 Lithography .2.2.8 Aerosol based techniques .2.2.9 Electrospinning .2.3 Bottom–up Approach .2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) .2.3.2 Chemical Vapor Condensation (CVC) .2.3.3 Plasma arcing .2.3.4 Wet chemical methods .2.3.5 Molecular Self– assembly .2.3.6 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) Film formation .2.3.7 Stabilization and Functionalization of Nano Particles .Review Questions .References .3. Characterization tools for nanomaterials .3.1 Introduction .3.2 Imaging through electron microscopy .3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) .3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .3.3 Scanning Probe microscopy (SPM) .3.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) .3.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) .3.4 Characterization through spectroscopy .3.4.1 UV–Vis Plasmon absorption and emission .3.4.2 Vibrational Spectroscopies: FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy . 3.4.3 Raman spectroscopy based imaging .3.4.4 X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) .3.4.5 Auger Electron Spectra (AES) .3.4.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) .3.5 Scattering techniques .3.5.1 X–ray diffraction methods .3.5.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) .3.5.3 Zeta Potential Analysis .Review Questions .References .4. Nanomaterials .4.1 Introduction .4.2 Inorganic nanomaterials .4.2.1 Metals and Alloys 4.2.2 Metal oxides of transition and non–transition elements .4.2.3 Non–oxide inorganic nanomaterials .4.3 Organic Nanomaterials .4.3.1 Polymeric nanoparticles .4.3.2 Polymeric nanofilms .4.3.3 Nano cellulose .4.3.4 Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles .4.3.5 Dendrimers .4.4 Biological nanomaterials .4.4.1 Categories .4.4.2 Potential applications .4.5 Nanoporous Materials .4.6 Quantum dots .4.7 Nanoclusters .4.8 Nanomaterials in varying structural forms .4.8.1 Nanofibers .4.8.2 Nanowires .4.8.3 Nanotubes .4.8.4 Nanobelts .4.8.5 Nanorods .Review questions .References .5. Carbon based Nanomaterials .5.1 Introduction .5.2 Fullerene .5.2.1 Properties of fullerene .5.2.2 Application potentials of fullerene .5.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) .5.3.1 Classification of CNTS .5.3.2 Synthesis of CNTs .5.3.3 Functionalization of CNTs .5.3.4 Purificationof CNTs .5.3.5 Special properties of carbon nanotubes .5.3.6 Applications .5.4 Graphene .5.4.1 Electronic structure of graphene .5.4.2 Unique properties of graphene .5.4.3 Synthesis .5.4.4 Characterization .5.4.5 Applications .5.5 Carbon nano–onions .5.6 Carbon Nanofibers .5.7 Carbon black .5.7.1 Crystallinity .5.7.2 Homogeneity and uniformity .5.8 Nanodiamond .5.8.1 Synthesis .5.8.2 Properties .5.8.3 Applications .Review Questions .References .6. Self–Assembled and Supramolecular Nanomaterials .6.1 Introduction: Self–assembly .6.1.2 Supramolecular chemistry .6.2 Historical perspective of supramolecular and self–assembled structures .6.3 Fundamental aspects of supramolecular chemistry .6.3.1 Molecular self–assembly .6.3.2 Molecular recognition and complexation .6.3.3 Mechanically–interlocked molecular architectures .6.3.4 Supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) .6.3.5 Biomimetic .6.3.6 Imprinting .6.3.7 Molecular machines .6.4 Self–assembly via non covalent interaction .6.4.1 Long range forces in self–assembly .6.4.2 Short range forces in self–assembly .6.4.3 Self–Assembly in soft materials .6.4.4 Advantages of self–assembly .6.4.5 Challenges in self– assembly .6.5 Synthetic Strategies for Supramolecular/Self–Assembled Systems .6.5.1 Physiosorption (Patterned Organic Monolayers) .6.5.2 Chemisorption .6.5.3 Metal ion–ligand interactions .6.6 Biological Self–Assembly .6.7 Templated (nonmolecular) Self–Assembly .6.7.1 Capillary interactions .6.7.2 Self– assembly through Lego chemistry .6.8 Self–assembled supramolecular nanostructures .6.8.1 Inorganic colloidal systems .6.8.2 Liquid–Crystalline structures .6.8.3 Self–assembled structured nano objects in unusual shapes .6.9 Self–folding nanostructures .6.10 Applications .6.10.1 Supramolecular Chemistry .6.10.2. Self–assembled nanomaterials .6.10.3 Nano motors .Review Questions .References .7. Nanocomposites .7.1 Introduction .7.1.1 Man–made ancient composites .7.1.2 Modern examples of composites .7.1.3 Nanocomposites .7.1.4 Structure and composition of nanocomposites . 7.1.5 Properties of composite materials .7.1.6 Classification of nanocomposites .7.2 Ceramic matrix nanocomposites .7.2.1 Structural ceramic nanocomposites .7.2.2 Functional nanocomposites .7.3 Metal matrix nanocomposites .7.3.1 Metal– ceramic nanocomposites .7.3.2 Carbon nanotubes–Metal matrix nano composites .7.4 Polymer matrix nanocomposites .7.4.1 Polymer–inorganic nanocomposites (PINCs) .7.4.2 Polymer–clay nanocomposites (PCNs) .7.4.3 Polymer–carbon nanocomposites .7.4.4 Polymer– polysaccharide nanocomposites .7.5 Nano coatings .7.5.1 Functional nanocoatings .7.5.2. Smart (responsive) nanocoatings .Review Questions .References .8. Unique Properties .8.1 Introduction .8.2 Size effects .8.2.1 Quantum Confinement .8.2.2 The density of states .8.2.3 High surface area .8.3. Physical Properties .8.3.1. Thermal properties .8.3.2. Optical Properties .8.3.3 Electronic properties .8.3.4 Electrical properties .8.3.5 Magnetic Properties .8.3.6 Mechanical properties .8.4 Chemical properties at nanoscale .8.4.1. Bonding .8.4.2 Surface properties .8.4.3 Catalysis .8.4.4 Detection .8.5 The concept of pseudo–atoms .Review Question .References .9. Applications of Nanotechnology .9.1 Introduction .9.2 Medicine and healthcare .9.2.1 Diagnosis .9.3 Drug development and drug delivery system .9.3.1 Drug design and screening .9.3.2 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems .9.3.3 Targeted drug delivery .9.3.4 Remotely triggered delivery systems .9.3.5 Therapy .9.3.6 Tissue and biomaterial engineering .9.4 Information and computer technologies .9.4.1 Integrated circuits .9.4.2 Data storage .9.4.3 Displays .9.5 Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) .9.6 Nanotechnologies in tags .9.7 Nanotechnology for environmental issues .9.7.1 Water purification and remediation .9.7.2 Nanotechnology for air pollution control .9.8 Energy .9.8.1 Photovoltaic Technologies for Solar–Energy Harvesting .9.8.2 Artificial Photosynthesis: Production of Solar Fuel .9.8.3 Thermoelectric Energy .9.8.4 Hydrogen Generation and storage .9.8.5 Batteries .9.9 Nanotechnology in enhancing the fuel efficiency .9.10 Chemical and Biological Sensors using Nanotechnology .9.11 Nanotechnology in agro forestry .9.11.1 Precision Farming .9.11.2 Smart delivery Systems .9.12 Defense Applications .9.12.1 Light military platforms .9.12.2 Nanotechnology for camouflage / stealth .9.12.3 Soldier Protection .9.12.4 Affordable Energy .9.12.5 Deadly Weapons .9.13 Nanotechnology in Space .9.13.1 Space Flight and Nanotechnology: Applications under Development .9.14 Consumer goods .9.14.1 Nano textiles .9.14.2 Cosmetics .9.15 Sport goods .Review questions .References .10. Toxicity and Environmental Issues .10.1 Introduction .10.1.1. Toxicity of Nanoparticles .10.2. Sources of nanoparticles and their health effects .10.2.1. Natural sources of nanoparticles .10.2.2. Anthropogenic nanomaterials .10.3. Toxicology of engineered nanoparticles .10.3.1. Respiratory tract uptake and clearance .10.3.2. Cellular interaction with nanoparticles .10.3.3. Nervous system uptake of nanoparticles .10.3.4. Nanoparticles translocation to the lymphatic systems .10.3.5. Nanoparticles translocation to the circulatory system .10.3.6. Liver, spleen, kidneys uptake of nanoparticles .10.3.7. Gastro–intestinal tract uptake and clearance of nanoparticles .10.3.8. Dermal uptake of nanoparticles .10.3.9. Nanoparticles uptake via injection .10.3.10. Nanoparticles generation by implants .10.4 Positive effects of nanoparticles .10.4.1 Nanoparticles as antioxidants .10.4.2 Anti–microbial activity .10.5 Environmental Sustainability .10.6 Safe working with nanomaterials .10.6.1. Safe laboratory practices in handling nanomaterials .10.6.2. Exposure monitoring .10.7. Nanomaterial waste management .10.8 Gaps in knowledge about health effects of engineered nanoparticles .10.9 Government standards and materials safety data sheets .10.9.1 Control Banding .10.9.2 Hierarchy of Controls .10.9.3 Engineering Controls .10.9.4 Administrative Controls .10.9.5 Personal Protective Equipment .10.10 Risk management .Review Questions .References
- ISBN: 978-1-119-09611-5
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 488
- Fecha Publicación: 06/05/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés