McCormac's 6th edition of Surveying provides a basic overview to help readersunderstand and communicate with surveyors. New features include more applications in engineering areas such as environmental, transportation, geotechnical,construction; more applications to GIS and GPS; added coverage of Geomatics, including setting up data to do analysis and make decisions; and more examplesand increase number of homework problems. INDICE: CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1-1 Surveying1-2 Geomatics1-3 Famous Surveyors1-4 Early History of Surveying1-5 Plane Surveys1-6 Geodetic Surveys1-7 Types of Surveys1-8 Modern Surveying Equipment1-9 Use of Old Surveying Equipment1-10 Maintenance of Equipment1-11 Importance of Surveying1-12 Safety1-13 Liability Insurance1-14 Opportunities in SurveyingCHAPTER 2: Introduction to Measurements 2-1 Measurement2-2 Necessity for Accurate Surveys2-3 Accuracy and Precision2-4 Errors and Mistakes2-5 Sources of Errors2-6 Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors2-7 Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors2-8 Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors2-9 Probability Curve2-10 Propagation of Accidentalor Random Errors 2-11 Significant Figures2-12 Field Notes2-13 Electronically Recorded Notes2-14 Office Work and Digital Computers2-15 PlanningCHAPTER 3: Distance Measurement 3-1 Introduction3-2 Pacing3-3 Odometers and Measuring Wheels3-4 Tachymetry3-5 Taping or Chaining3-6 Electronic Distance Measurements3-7 Global Positioning System3-8 Summary of Measurement Methods3-9 Equipment Required for Taping3-10 Taping Over Level Ground3-11 Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush3-12 Review of Some TrigonometryCHAPTER 4: Distance Corrections4-1 Introduction4-2 Types of Corrections4-3 Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error4-4 Temperature Variations4-5 Slope Corrections4-6 Sag and Tension Corrections4-7 Combined Taping Corrections4-8 Common Mistakes Made In Taping4-9 Errors In Taping4-10 Magnitude of Errors4-11 Suggestions for Good Taping4-12 Taping PrecisionCHAPTER 5: Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs)5-1 Introduction5-2 Basic Terms 5-3 Types of EDMs5-4 Phase Shift EDMs5-5 Timed Pulse EDMs5-6 Setting Up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs5-7 Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances with EDMs5-8 Errors in EDM Measurements5-9 Calibration of EDM Equipment5-10 Accuracies of EDMs 5-11 Computation of Horizontal Distances from Slope Distances5-12 Training of Personnel5-13 Summary of Comments on EDMsCHAPTER 6: Introduction to Leveling 6-1 Importance of Leveling6-2 Basic Definitions6-3 Reference Elevations or Datums6-4 First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys6-5 Methods of Leveling6-6 The Level6-7 Types of Levels6-8 Level Rods6-9 Setting up the Level6-10 Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes6-11 Care of EquipmentCHAPTER 7: Differential Leveling 7-1 Theory of Spirit Leveling7-2 Definitions7-3Differential Leveling Described7-4 Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction7-5 Verniers7-6 Level Rod Targets7-7 Common Leveling Mistakes7-8 Leveling Errors7-9 Suggestions for Good Leveling7-10 Comments On Telescope Readings7-11 Precision of Differential Leveling7-12 Hand Signals CHAPTER 8: Leveling, Continued 8-1 Adjustments of Level Circuits8-2 Precise Leveling8-3 Profile Leveling8-4 Profiles8-5 Cross Sections8-6 Nonclosed Leveling RoutesCHAPTER 9: Angles and Directions 9-1 Meridians9-2 Units for Measuring Angles9-3 Azimuths9-4 Bearings9-5 The Compass9-6 Variations In Magnetic Declination9-7 Direction Arrow Convention9-8 Local Attraction9-9 Reading Bearings With a Compass9-10 Detecting Local Attraction9-11 Traverse Angle Definitions9-12 Traverse Computations9-13 Magnetic Declination ProblemsCHAPTER 10: Measuring Angle and Directions With Total Stations 10-1 Transits and Theodolites (Obsolete)10-2 Introduction to Total Stations10-3 Types of Total Stations10-4 Disadvantages of Total Stations10-5Advantages of Total Stations10-6 Parts of Total Stations10-7 Surveying With Total Stations10-8 Setting Up the Total Station10-9 Sighting the Instrument10-10 Measuring Horizontal Angles10-11 Closing the Horizon10-12 Measuring Angles By Repetition10-13 Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles10-14 Measuring Zenith Angles10-15 Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations10-16 Care ofInstrumentsCHAPTER 11: Miscellaneous Angle Discussion 11-1 Common Errors In Angle Measurement11-2 Common Mistakes In Measuring Angles11-3 Angle-Distance Relationships11-4 Traversing11-5 Older Methods of Traversing11-6 Modern Traversing With Total Stations11-7 Intersection of Two Lines11-8 Measuring An Angle Where The Instrument Cannot Be Set Up11-9 Prolonging a Straight Line By Double Centering11-10 Establishing Points On a Straight Line Between Two Given Points11-11 Cleaning Surveying EquipmentCHAPTER 12: Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation 12-1 Introduction12-2 Computations12-3 Methods of Calculating Areas12-4 Traverse Adjustment Overview12-5 Balancing Angles12-6 Latitudes and Departures12-7 Error of Closure12-8 Balancing Latitudes and Departures12-9 Double Meridian Distances12-10 Double Parallel Distances12-11 Rectangular Coordinates12-12 Areas Computed By Coordinates12-13 Alternative Coordinate Method12-14 Areas Within Irregular BoundariesCHAPTER 13: Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements 13-1 Computers13-2 Programs 13-3 Application of the Computer Program SURVEY13-4 Computer Example13-5 A Potential Warning: Danger In Computer Use13-6Omitted Measurements13-7 Length and Bearing Of One Side Missing13-8 Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side13-9 Example Radiation Problem13-10 Computer Solution for Radiation Problem13-11 ResectionCHAPTER 14: Topographic Surveying 14-1 Introduction14-2 Contours14-3 Plotting of Topographic Maps14-4 Summary of Contour Characteristics14-5 Map Symbols14-6 Completing the Map14-7 Specifications for Topographic Maps14-8 Methods of Obtaining Topography14-9 Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping14-10 Plane Table Surveys14-11 Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations14-12 Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping14-13 Profiles From Contour Maps14-14 Checklist of Items to Be Included On a Topographic MapCHAPTER 15: The Global Positioning System (GPS)15-1 Introduction15-2 Monitoring Stations15-3 Global Navigation Satellite System15-4 Uses of GPS15-5 Basic Theory15-6 How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured?15-7 Clock Bias15-8 GPS Errors15-9 Minimizing Errors Through Differential Correction 15-10 Receivers15-11 HARN15-12 CORS15-13 OPUS15-14WAAS15-15 GPS SignalsCHAPTER 16: GPS Field Applications 16-1 Geoid and Ellipsoid16-2 Field Applications16-3 Static GPS Surveys16-4 Kinematic GPS16-5 Real-Time Kinematic Surveying16-6 Virtual Reference Station16-7 Dilution of Precision (DOP)16-8 Planning16-9 Example Problem16-10 Network Adjustment16-11 Carrier Phase GPSCHAPTER 17: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 17-1 Introduction17-2 What? A Definition of Geographic Information Systems17-3 Who and Where?17-4 Why GIS?17-5 When? The Evolution of GIS17-6 Thematic Layering17-8 Levels of Use of a GIS17-9 Uses of Geographic Information Systems17-10 Objectives of a GIS17-11 Applications of a GIS17-12 GIS on the World Wide Web17-13 Accuracy in a GIS17-14 Control Surveying17-15 Legal Concerns With GISCHAPTER 18: GIS, Continued 18-1 Essential Elements of a GIS18-2 Selected Data About Geographic Locations18-3 GIS Software18-4 GIS Hardware18-5 Sources of GIS Data18-6 Putting Datainto the Computer18-7 Preprocessing Existing Data18-8 Data Management and Retrieval18-9 Manipulation and Analysis18-10 Product Generation18-11 Coordinates and Map Projections18-12 Raster GIS18-13 Conclusion to GIS DiscussionCHAPTER 19: Construction Surveying19-1 Introduction19-2 Work of the Construction Surveyor19-3 Trade Unions19-4 Property Survey from the Contractor's Viewpoint19-5 Preliminary Surveys19-6 Grade Stakes19-7 Referencing Points for Construction19-8Building Layout19-9 Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors)19-10 Radial Staking Methods19-11 Batter Boards19-12 Building Layout: Contractor Method19-13 As-Built SurveysProblemsCHAPTER 20: Volumes20-1 Introduction20-2 Slopes and Slope Stakes20-3 Borrow Pits20-4 Cross Sections20-5 Areas of Cross Sections20-6 Computation of Earthwork Volumes20-7 Mass Diagram20-8 Accounting for Shrinkageand Swell20-9 Volumes from Contour Maps20-9 Volume Formulas for Geometric ShapesProblemsCHAPTER 21: Land Surveying or Property Surveying21-1 Introduction21-2 Title Transfer and Land Records21-3 Common Lawntents 21-4 Monuments21-5 Blazing Trees21-6 The Land Surveyor: A Specialist21-7 Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas21-8 Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying21-9 Resurveys21-10 Metes and Bounds21-11 The U.S. Public Lands Survey System21-12 Early Days of the System21-13 Outline of the System21-14 Meander Lines21-15 Witness Corners21-16 Deed Descriptions of LandProblemsCHAPTER 22: Horizontal Curves22-1 Introduction22-2 Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature22-3 Curve Equations22-4 Deflection Angles22-5 Selection and Staking Out of Curves 22-6 ComputerExample22-7 Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves22-8 Circular Curves Using the SI System22-9 Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points22-10 SpiralCurvesProblemsCHAPTER 23: Vertical Curves23-1 Introduction23-2 Vertical CurveCalculations23-3 Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves23-4 Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves23-5 Vertical Curve Passing Through a Specified Point23-6 Parabolic Curve Equation23-7 Computer Example23-8 Roadway Crowns23-9 Roadway SuperelevationProblemsxviCHAPTER 24: Surveying-the Profession24-1 Surveying Licenses24-2 Registration Requirements24-3 Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License24-4 Reasons for Becoming Registered24-5 A Profession24-6 Code of Ethics24-7 To Be Classed as a Professional24-8 ConclusionProblemsAPPENDIXA: Some Useful AddressesAPPENDIX B: Baccalaureate Degree Programs in SurveyingAPPENDIX C: Some Useful Formulas
- ISBN: 978-0-470-49661-9
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Desconocida
- Páginas: 400
- Fecha Publicación: 20/04/2012
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés