The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease: Dysbiosis as a Cause of Human Pathology

Microbiota–associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section.  The discussion moves on to the major idiopathic diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota–centric position. Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota Explains how microbiota–associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases. INDICE: List of contributors, xviiPreface, xxi .Section 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome, 11   The human microbiota: an historical perspective, 3Mike Wilson1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care?, 31.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease, 31.2.1 The indigenous microbiota and human disease, 41.2.2 The indigenous microbiota and human health, 41.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota, 81.3.1 Light microscopy, 91.3.2 Electron microscopy, 111.3.3 Culture ]based approaches to microbial community analysis, 121.4 Culture ]independent approaches to microbial community analysis, 291.5 Determination of microbial community functions, 311.6 Closing remarks, 32Take ]home message, 32References, 332  An introduction to microbial dysbiosis, 37Mike Curtis2.1 Definition of dysbiosis, 372.2 The normal microbiota, 382.3 Main features of dysbiosis, 452.4 Conclusions, 49Take ]home message, 53Acknowledgment, 53References, 533  The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system, 55Hervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré3.1 Introduction, 553.2 Who is there, how is it composed?, 563.3 A system in interaction with food, 583.4 A system highly impacted by the host, 613.5 A system in interaction with human cells, 623.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study, 63Take ]home message, 63References, 634  The oral microbiota, 67W. G. Wade4.1 Introduction, 674.2 Composition of the oral microbiome, 684.2.1 Archaea, 684.2.2 Fungi, 684.2.3 Protozoa, 684.2.4 Viruses, 694.2.5 Bacteria, 694.3 The oral microbiota in health, 714.3.1 Evolution of the oral microbiota, 714.3.2 Role of oral bacteria in health, 724.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease, 734.4.1 Dental caries, 734.4.2 Gingivitis, 744.4.3 Oral bacteria and non ]oral disease, 744.5 Future outlook, 75Take ]home message, 75References, 765  The skin microbiota, 81P.L.J.M. Zeeuwen and J. Schalkwijk5.1 Normal skin, 815.2 Skin diseases, 835.2.1 Atopic dermatitis, 835.2.2 Psoriasis, 845.2.3 Acne, 855.2.4 Rosacea, 855.2.5 Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, 865.2.6 Primary immunodeficiencies, 865.3 Experimental studies, 875.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome, 875.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation, 895.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies, 895.7 Concluding remarks, 90Take ]home message, 90References, 906  Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome, 95Luis G. Bermúdez ]Humarán6.1 Introduction, 956.2 The human microbiome, 966.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles, 976.4 The human microbiome and the environment, 986.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome, 996.5.1 The skin microbiota, 996.5.2 The airway microbiome, 996.5.3 Vaginal microbiome, 1006.5.4 Gut microbiota and disease, 1016.5.5 Metabolic disorders (obesity/diabetes), 1036.6 Conclusions, 105Take ]home message, 105References, 106Section 2 Microbiota–microbiota and microbiota–host interactions in health and disease, 1137  Systems biology of bacteria ]host interactions, 115Almut Heinken, Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele7.1 Introduction, 1157.2 Computational analysis of host ]microbe interactions, 1187.2.1 Analysis of metagenomic data, 1187.2.2 Metabolic reconstruction through comparative genomics, 1197.3 Network ]based modeling, 1217.3.1 Topological network modeling, 1217.3.2 Constraint ]based modeling, 1237.3.3 Metabolic reconstructions of human metabolism, 1247.3.4 Constraint ]based modeling of host ]microbe interactions, 1247.4 Other computational modeling approaches, 1277.4.1 Ordinary differential equation (ODE) models, 1277.4.2 Kinetic modeling, 1287.5 Conclusion, 129Take ]home message, 130Acknowledgments, 130References, 1318  Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, 139Jessica Snowden8.1 Introduction, 1398.2 Biofilms in human disease, 1398.3 Biofilm formation, 1418.4 Immune responses to biofilms, 1438.4.1 Innate immune responses, 1448.4.2 Adaptive immune responses, 1468.4.3 Fibroblasts, epithelial cells and other immune responses, 1478.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies, 1478.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics, 1488.7 Conclusions, 149Take ]home message, 149References, 1509  Co ]evolution of microbes and immunity and its consequencesfor modern ]day life, 155Markus B. Geuking9.1 Introduction, 1559.2 Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution, 1569.3 Evolution of the (innate and adaptive) immune system, 1579.3.1 Immune proteins, 1579.3.2 Evolution of adaptive immunity, 1589.3.3 Two separate adaptive immune systems evolved, 1589.4 Hygiene hypothesis, 1599.5 What drives the composition of the microbiota?, 1609.6 The pace of evolution, 161Take ]home message, 162References, 16210  How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease, 165Frank Ryan10.1 Genetic symbiosis, 16510.2 Mitochondria: symbiogenesis in the human, 16710.3 Virus symbiogenesis, 16910.4 HERV proteins, 172Take ]home message, 174References, 17411 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism, 179Boris A. Shenderov11.1 Introduction, 17911.2 Background on epigenetics and epigenomic programming/reprograming, 18011.3 Epigenomics and link with energy metabolism, 18411.4 The microbiota as a potential epigenetic modifier, 18511.5 Epigenetic control of the host genes by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, 18811.6 Epigenetic control of the host genes by indigenous (probiotic) microorganisms, 18911.7 Concluding remarks and future directions, 191Take home message, 193References, 19312 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human healthand disease, 199Holger Brüggemann12.1 Introduction, 19912.2 Microbiological features of propionibacteria, 19912.3 Population structure of P. acnes, 20112.4 Propionibacteria as indigenous probiotics of the skin, 20212.5 Propionibacteria as opportunistic pathogens, 20312.6 Host interacting traits and factors of propionibacteria, 20512.7 Host responses to P. acnes, 20612.7.1 Innate immune responses, 20612.7.2 Adaptive immune responses, 20712.7.3 Host cell tropism of P. acnes, 20812.8 Propionibacterium ]specific bacteriophages, 20812.9 Concluding remarks, 209Take home message, 210References, 210Section 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases: metchnikoff s legacy, 21513  The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response?, 217Luigi Nibali13.1 The tooth: a potential breach in the mucosal barrier, 21713.2 The periodontium from health to disease, 21713.3 Periodontitis: one of the most common human diseases, 21913.4 Periodontal treatment: a non ]specific biofilm disruption, 22013.5 Microbial etiology, 22013.6 The host response in periodontitis, 22113.7 Conclusions, 223Take home message, 223References, 22314 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal diseasepathogenesis, 227George Hajishengallis and Richard J. Lamont14.1 Introduction, 22714.2 A (very) polymicrobial etiology of periodontitis, 22914.3 Synergism among periodontal bacteria, 23014.4 Interactions between bacterial communities and epithelial cells, 23214.5 Manipulation of host immunity, 23314.6 Conclusions, 237Take ]home message, 238References, 23915 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: ef–fects of oral bacteria on the gut microbiota and metabolism, 243Kazuhisa Yamazaki15.1 Introduction, 24315.2 Association between periodontal and systemic diseases, 24415.2.1 Periodontal disease and diabetes, 24415.2.2 Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, 24515.2.3 Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis, 24615.2.4 Periodontal disease and non ]alcoholic fatty liver disease, 24615.2.5 Periodontal disease and pre ]term birth, 24715.2.6 Periodontal disease and obesity, 24815.2.7 Periodontal disease and cancer, 24815.2.8 Periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease, 24915.3 Issues in causal mechanisms of periodontal disease for systemic disease, 24915.3.1 Endotoxemia (bacteremia), 24915.3.2 Inflammatory mediators, 25115.3.3 Autoimmune response from molecular mimicry, 25115.4 New insights into the mechanisms linking periodontal disease and s­ystemic disease, 25215.5 Effect of oral administration of P. gingivalis on metabolic change and gut microbiota, 25215.6 Conclusions, 254Take ]home message, 255References, 25516 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease, 263S. Tariq Sadiq and Phillip Hay16.1 What makes a healthy microbiota, 26316.1.1 How does the vaginal microbiota mediate healthiness?, 26416.1.2 Establishment of the vaginal microbiota, 26416.1.3 The role of host genetic variation on vaginal health, 26416.1.4 Impact of age, menstrual cycle and environmental factors on vaginal health, 26516.2 The Vaginal Microbiota in Disease, 26516.2.1 Bacterial vaginosis, 26516.2.2 Clinical consequences of altered vaginal microbiota (see Figure 1), 26816.2.3 Vaginal microbiota and transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection, 26916.3 Conclusions, 269Take ]home message, 269References, 270Section 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection?, 27317 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection, 275John D. Carter17.1 Introduction, 27517.2 Reactive arthritis, 27617.3 Pathophysiology of ReA, 27717.4 Questions remain, 27917.5 Conclusion, 280Take ]home message, 280References, 28018 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection, 283Jacqueline Detert18.1 Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis, 28318.2 Predisposition to RA, 28418.3 MCH ]HLA and genetic predisposition to RA, 28418.4 Molecular mimicry in RA, 28518.5 Innate immune system and RA, 28518.6 Bystander activation and pattern recognition receptors, 28618.7 Antibodies and neoepitopes, 28718.8 Superantigens, 28718.9 LPS, 28718.10 Bacterial DNA and peptidoglycans, 28818.11 Heat ]shock proteins, 28818.12 Toll ]like and bacterial infections, 28818.13 Proteus mirabilis, 28818.14 Porphyromonas gingivalis and RA, 28918.15 Gastrointestinal flora and RA, 29018.16 Smoking, lung infection and RA, 29118.17 Where to go from here?, 291Take ]home message, 291References, 29219 Inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota, 301Nik Ding and Ailsa Hart19.1 The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease, 30119.2 Dysbiosis and IBD pathogenesis, 30119.3 Environmental factors affecting microbiome composition, 30219.3.1 Diet, 30219.3.2 Age, 30319.4 Genetics and application to the immune system and dysbiosis in IBD, 30319.5 An overview of gut microbiota studies in IBD, 30519.6 Specific bacterial changes in IBD, 30619.6.1 Potentiators, 30619.6.2 Protectors, 30719.6.3 Anti ]inflammatory effects of microbiota (functional dysbiosis), 30819.7 Functional composition of microbiota in IBD, 30819.8 Challenges, 31019.9 Conclusion, 310Take ]home message, 310References, 31020 Ankylosing spondylitis, klebsiella and the low ]starch diet, 317Alan Ebringer, Taha Rashid and Clyde Wilson20.1 Introduction, 31720.2 Clinical features of AS, 31720.3 Gut bacteria and total serum IgA, 31820.4 Molecular mimicry in AS, 31920.5 Pullulanase system and collagens, 32020.6 Specific antibodies to Klebsiella in AS patients, 32120.7 The low ]starch diet in AS, 32220.8 Conclusions, 324Take ]home message, 325References, 32521 Microbiome of chronic plaque psoriasis, 327Lionel Fry21.1 Introduction, 32721.2 Microbiota in psoriasis, 32921.2.1 Bacteria, 32921.2.2 Fungi, 33021.3 Variation of microbiota with site, 33121.4 Swabs versus biopsies, 33121.5 Psoriatic arthritis, 33121.6 Microbiome and immunity, 33221.7 Evidence that the skin microbiome may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, 33221.7.1 Psoriasis and crohn s disease, 33221.7.2 Genetic factors, 33321.7.3 Innate immunity, 33321.8 New hypothesis on the pathogenesis of psoriasis, 334Take ]home message, 334References, 33522 Liver disease: interactions with the intestinal microbiota, 339Katharina Brandl and Bernd Schnabl22.1 Introduction, 33922.2 Non ]alcoholic fatty liver disease, 33922.3 Qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiota, 34022.4 Endotoxin, 34122.5 Ethanol, 34222.6 Choline, 34222.7 Alcoholic liver disease, 34322.7.1 Qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiome, 34322.7.2 Contribution of dysbiosis to alcoholic liver disease, 344Take ]home message, 346References, 34623 The gut microbiota: a predisposing factor in obesity, diabetesand atherosclerosis, 351Frida Fåk23.1 Introduction, 35123.2 The obesogenic microbiota: evidence from animal models, 35123.3 The obesogenic microbiota in humans, 35223.4 A leaky gut contributing to inflammation and adiposity, 35223.5 Obesity ]proneness: mediated by the gut microbiota?, 35323.6 Bacterial metabolites provide a link between bacteria and host metabolism, 35323.7 Fecal microbiota transplants: can we change our gut bacterial profiles?, 35423.8 What happens with the gut microbiota during weight loss?, 35423.9 The diabetic microbiota, 35523.9.1 Type I diabetes and the gut microbiota, 35523.9.2 Type II diabetes, 35523.10 The atherosclerotic microbiota, 35623.11 Conclusions, 357Take ]home message, 357References, 35724 The microbiota and susceptibility to asthma, 361O. Salami and B J. Marsland24.1 Introduction, 36124.2 The microenvironment of the lower airways, 36124.3 Development of the airway microbiota in the neonate, 36224.3.1 Intrauterine microbial exposure and airway microbiota, 36224.3.2 Perinatal events and airway microbiota, 36324.3.3 Breast milk as a source of airway microbiota, 36424.3.4 Airborne microbiota and airway microbiota, 36424.4 Upper airway microbiota, 36424.5 What constitutes a healthy airway microbiota, 36524.6 Microbiota and asthma, 36524.7 Dietary metabolites and asthma, 36624.8 Conclusion, future perspectives and clinical implications, 367Take ]home message, 367References, 36725 Microbiome and cancer, 371Ralph Francescone and Débora B. Vendramini ]Costa25.1 Introduction, 37125.2 Microbiome and cancer: where is the link?, 37425.3 Microbiome and barrier disruption, 37625.4 Microbiome and different types of cancer, 37725.4.1 Colon cancer, 37725.4.2 Skin cancer, 37825.4.3 Breast cancer, 37925.4.4 Liver cancer, 37925.4.5 Local microbes affecting distant cancers, 38125.5 Microbiota and metabolism: the good and the bad sides, 38225.6 Chemotherapy, the microbiome and the immune system, 38425.7 Therapeutic avenues, 38525.7.1 Modulation of bacterial enzyme activity, 38525.7.2 Antibiotics, 38625.7.3 Pre ] and probiotics, 38625.7.4 Fecal transplantation, 38625.8 Unresolved questions and future work, 387Take ]home message, 387References, 38726 Colorectal cancer and the microbiota, 391Iradj Sobhani and Séverine Couffin26.1 Introduction, 39126.2 Colon carcinogenesis and epidemiological data, 39226.2.1 Human carcinogenesis model, 39226.2.2 Age ]related risk in the general population, 39326.2.3 Gene ] and familial ]related risks, 39326.2.4 Environment ]related risk, 39426.3 The microbiota, 39426.4 Bacteria and CRCs links, 39526.4.1 Historical data, 39526.4.2 Clinical data, 39626.4.3 Experimental data and mechanisms involved, 39726.5 Hypotheses and perspectives, 402Take ]home message, 405References, 40527 The gut microbiota and the CNS: an old story witha new beginning, 409Aadil Bharwani and Paul Forsythe27.1 Introduction, 40927.2 The microbiota ]gut ]brain axis: a historical framework, 41027.3 The microbiota ]gut ]brain axis: an evolutionary perspective, 41127.4 The gut microbiota influence on brain and behavior, 41327.5 Microbes and the hardwired gut brain axis, 41527.5.1 The vagus, 41627.5.2 The enteric nervous system, 41727.6 Hormonal pathways to the brain, 41827.7 Microbes and immune pathways to the brain, 42027.8 Metabolites of the microbiota: short ]chain fatty acids, 42127.9 Clinical implications of the microbiota ]gut ]brain axis, 42227.10 Conclusion, 422Take ]home message, 423References, 42328 Genetic dysbiosis: how host genetic variants may affect microbial b­iofilms, 431Luigi Nibali28.1 The holobiont: humans as supra ]organisms, 43128.2 Genetic variants in the host response to microbes, 43228.2.1 Bacterial recognition pathway, 43228.2.2 Bacterial proliferation, 43328.3 Genetic dysbiosis, 43428.3.1 Genetic dysbiosis of oral biofilm, 43528.3.2 Genetic dysbiosis of gut biofilm, 43528.3.3 Genetic dysbiosis of skin biofilm, 43628.3.4 Genetic dysbiosis of vaginal biofilm, 43728.4 Summary and conclusions, 438Take ]home message, 438References, 438Section 5 Mirroring the future: dysbiosis therapy, 44329 Diet and dysbiosis, 445M. Estaki, C. Quin and D.L. Gibson29.1 Introduction, 44529.2 Coevolution of the host ]microbiota super ]organism, 44529.3 Gut microbiota in personalized diets, 44629.4 The evolution of diet, 44729.5 Plasticity of the microbiota and diet, 44729.6 Interaction among gut microbiota, host and food, 44829.7 Consequences of diet ]induced dysbiosis for host health, 45029.8 The role of gut microbes on the digestion of macronutrients, 45129.8.1 Carbohydrates, 45129.8.2 Proteins, 45129.8.3 Lipids, 45229.9 Diet induces dysbiosis in the host, 45229.9.1 Protein, 45329.9.2 Carbohydrates, 45329.9.3 Lipids, 45429.10 The effect of maternal diet on offspring microbiota, 45629.11 The effects of post ]natal diet on the developing microbiota of neonates, 45729.11.1 Breast milk, 45729.11.2 Formula, 45829.12 Conclusion, 459Take ]home message, 459Host–food, 460References, 46030 Probiotics and prebiotics: what are they andwhat can they do for us?, 467Marie José Butel, Anne ]Judith and Waligora ]Dupriet30.1 The gut microbiota, a partnership with the host, 46730.2 Probiotics, 46730.2.1 Probiotics, a story that began a long time ago, 46730.2.2 What are probiotics?, 46830.2.3 How do probiotics work?, 46830.2.4 Safety of probiotics, 46930.3 Prebiotics, 47030.3.1 What are prebiotics?, 47030.3.2 How do prebiotics work?, 47130.4 Synbiotics, 47130.5 Pro ], pre ], and synbiotics in human medicine today, 47130.5.1 Pro ] and prebiotics and infectious diarrhea, 47130.5.2 Pro ] and prebiotics and inflammatory bowel diseases, 47230.5.3 Pro ] and prebiotics and irritable bowel syndrome, 47330.5.4 Pro ] and prebiotics and allergy, 47430.5.5 Pro ] and prebiotics and obesity and diabetes, 47530.5.6 Other indications, 47530.5.7 Pre ] and probiotics in pediatrics, 47630.6 Concluding remarks, 477Take–home message, 478References, 47831 The microbiota as target for therapeutic intervention in pediatric intestinal diseases, 483Andrea Lo Vecchio and Alfredo Guarino31.1 Introduction, 48331.2 Use of probiotics in pediatric intestinal diseases, 48431.2.1 Acute diarrhea, 48431.2.2 Inflammatory bowel diseases, 48631.2.3 Irritable bowel syndrome, 48731.2.4 Infant colic, 48731.2.5 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 48831.3 Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of intestinal diseases, 48831.3.1 Preparation and administration, 48831.3.2 Advantages and barriers, 49031.3.3 The use of FMT in specific intestinal diseases, 49031.4 Conclusion, 492Take ]home message, 493References, 49332 Microbial therapy for cystic fibrosis, 497Eugenia Bruzzese, Vittoria Buccigrossi, Giusy Ranucci and Alfredo Guarino32.1 Introduction: pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis, 49732.2 Intestinal inflammation in CF, 49832.3 Dysbiosis in CF, 49932.4 Microbial therapy in CF, 50232.5 Conclusion, 504Take home message, 504References, 504Index, 000

• ISBN: 978-1-118-98287-7
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 544
• Fecha Publicación: 30/09/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés