Computational Liquid Crystal Photonics: Fundamentals, Modelling and Applications

Optical computers and photonic integrated circuits in high capacity optical networks are hot topics, attracting the attention of expert researchers and commercial technology companies. Optical packet switching and routing technologies promise to provide a more efficient source of power, and footprint scaling with increased router capacity; integrating more optical processing elements into the same chip to increase on–chip processing capability and system intelligence has become a priority. This book is an in–depth look at modelling techniques and the simulation of a wide range of liquid crystal based modern photonic devices with enhanced high levels of flexible integration and enhanced power processing. It covers the physics of liquid crystal materials; techniques required for modelling liquid crystal based devices; the state–of–the art liquid crystal photonic based applications for telecommunications such as couplers, polarization rotators, polarization splitters and multiplexer–demultiplexers; liquid core photonic crystal fiber (LC–PCF) sensors including biomedical and temperature sensors; and liquid crystal photonic crystal based encryption systems for security applications. Key features Offers a unique source of in–depth learning on the fundamental principles of computational liquid crystal photonics. Explains complex concepts such as photonic crystals, liquid crystals, waveguides and modes, and frequency– and time–domain techniques used in the design of liquid crystal photonic crystal photonic devices in terms that are easy to understand. Demonstrates the useful properties of liquid crystals in a diverse and ever–growing list of technological applications. Requires only a foundational knowledge of mathematics and physics. INDICE: Preface .Acknowledgements .Part 1: Basic Principles .1. Principles of Waveguides .1.1 Introduction .1.2 Basic Optical Waveguides .1.3 Maxwell s Equations .1.4 Wave Equation and its solutions .1.5 Boundary Conditions .1.6 Phase and Group Velocity .1.6.1 Phase Velocity .1.6.2 Group Velocity .1.7 Modes in planar Optical Waveguide .1.8 Dispersion in Planar Waveguide .1.9 Summary .2. Fundamentals of Photonic Crystals .2.1 Introduction .2.2 Types of Photonic Crystals .2.2.1 One–dimensional Photonic Crystals .2.2.2 Two–dimensional Photonic Crystals .2.2.3 Three–dimensional Photonic Crystals .2.3 Photonic Band Calculations .2.3.1 Maxwell?s Equations and Photonic Crystal .2.3.2 Floquet–Bloch Theorem, Reciprocal Lattice, and Brillouin Zones .2.3.3 Plane Wave Expansion Method .2.3.4 FDTD method .a. Band structure .b. Transmission Diagram .2.3.5 Photonic Band for square lattice .2.4 Defects in Photonic Crystals .2.5 Fabrication Techniques of Photonic Crystals .2.5.1 Electron–Beam Lithography .2.5.2 Interference Lithography .2.5.3 Nano–Imprint Lithography (NIL) .2.5.4 Colloidal Self–Assembly .2.6 Applications of Photonic Crystals .2.7 Photonic Crystal Fiber .2.7.1 Construction .2.7.2 Modes of Operation .a. High Index Guiding Fiber .b. Photonic Band gap Guiding fibers .2.7.3 Fabrication of Photonic Crystal Fiber .2.7.4 Applications of Photonic Crystal Fiber .2.8 Summary .3. Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals .3.1 Introduction .3.2 Molecular Structure and Chemical Composition of LC Cell .3.3 Liquid Crystal Phases .3.3.1 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals .a. Nematic Phase .b. Smectic Phase .c. Chiral Phases .d. Blue Phases .e. Discotic Phases .3.3.2 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals .3.3.3 Metallotropic Liquid Crystals .3.4 LC Physical Properties in External Fields .3.4.1 Electric Field Effect .3.4.2 Magnetic Field Effect .a. Frederiks Transition .3.5 Theortitcal Tratment of LC .3.5.1 LC Parameters .a. Director .b. Order parameter .3.5.2 LC Models .a. Onsager hard–rod model .b. Maier–Saupe Mean Field Theory .c. Mcmillan s Model .3.6 LC Sample Preparation .3.7 Liquid Crystals for Display Applications .3.8 Liquid Crystal Thermometers .3.9 Optical Imaging .3.10 LC into Fiber Optics and LC Planar Photonic Crystal .3.11 LC Solar Cell .Part 2: Numerical Techniques .4. Full Vectorial Finite Difference Method .4.1 Introduction .4.2 Overview of Modeling Methods .4.3 Formulation of the FullVectorial Finite Difference Method .4.3.1 Maxwell s Equations .4.3.2 Wave Equation .4.3.3 Boundary Conditions .4.3.4 Maxwell s Equations in Complex Coordinate .4.3.5 Matrix Solution .a. Power Method .b. Inverse Power Method .c. Shifted Inverse Power Method .4.4 Summary .5. Assesment of Full Vectorial Finite Difference Method .5.1 Introduction .5.2 Overview of the LC PCF .5.3 Soft Glass .5.4 Design of Soft Glass PCF with LC Core .5.5 Numerical Results .5.5.1 FVFDM Validation .5.5.2 Modal Hybridness .5.5.3 Effective Index .5.5.4 Effective Mode Area .5.5.5 Nonlinearity .5.5.6 Birefringence .5.5.7 Effect of the NLC Rotation Angle .5.5.8 Effect of the Temperature .5.5.9 Elliptical SGLC–PCF .5.6 Experimental Results of LC–PCF .5.6.1 Filling Temperature .5.6.2 Filling Time .5.7 Summary .6. Full–vectorial Beam Propagation Method .6.1 Introduction .6.2 Overview of the Beam Propagation Methods .6.3 Formulation of the Full–vectorial Beam Propagation Method .6.3.1 Slowly–Varying Envelope Approximation .6.3.2 Paraxial and wide angle approximation .6.4 Numerical Assessment .6.4.1 Overview of Directional Couplers .6.4.2 Design of NLC–PCF Coupler .6.4.3 Effect of the Structural Geometrical Parameters .6.4.4 Effect of the Temperature .6.4.5 Effect of the NLC Rotation Angle .6.4.6 Elliptical NLC–PCF Coupler. .6.4.7 Beam Propagation Analysis of NLC–PCF Coupler .6.5 Experimental Results of LC–PCF Coupler .6.6 Summary .7. Finite Difference Time Domain Method .7.1 Introduction .7.2 Numerical Derivatives .7.3 Fundamentals of FDTD .7.3.1 One dimensional Problem in Free Space .7.3.2 One dimensional Problem in Lossless Medium .7.3.3 One Dimensional Problem in Lossy Medium .7.3.4 Two Dimensional Problem .7.3.5 Three Dimensional Problem .7.4 Stability for FDTD .7.5 Feeding Formulation .7.6 Absorbing Boundary Condition .7.6.1 Mur Absorbing Boundary Conditions .7.6.2 Perfect Matched Layer .7.7 One Dimension FDTD Sample Code .7.7.1 Source Simulation .7.7.2 Structure Simulation .7.7.3 Propagation Simulation .7.8 FDTD Formulation for Anisotropic Materials .7.9 Summary .Part 3: Applications of LC Devices .8. Polarization Rotator Liquid Crystal Fiber .8.1 Introduction .8.2 Overview of Polarization Rotators .8.3 Practical Applications of PRs .8.4 Operation Principles of Polarization Rotators .8.5 Numerical Simulation Strategy .8.6 Design of NLC–PCF Polarization Rotator .8.7 Numerical Results .8.7.1 Hybridness .8.7.2 Operation of the NLC–PCF PR .8.7.3 Effect of the Structure Geometrical Parameters .a. Effect of the d/ Ratio .b. Effect of the Hole Pitch .8.7.4 Tolerance of the NLC Rotation Angle .8.7.5 Tolerance of Structure Geometrical Parameters .a. Tolerance of d/ Ratio .b. Tolerance of Hole Shape .c. Tolerance of Hole Position .8.7.6 Tolerance of the Temperature .8.7.7 Tolerance of the Operating Wavelength .8.8 Ultra Short Silica LC–PCF PR .8.9 Fabrication Aspects of the NLC– PCF PR .8.10 Summary .9. Applications of Nematic Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystal Fiber (NLC–PCF) Coupler .9.1 Introduction .9.2 Multiplexer–Demultiplexer (MUX–DEMUX) .9.2.1Analysis of the NLC–PCF MUX–DEMUX .9.2.2 Beam propagation study of the NLC–PCF MUX–DEMUX .9.2.3 Crosstalk of the NLC–PCF MUX–DEMUX .9.2.4 Feasibility of the NLC–PCF MUX–DEMUX .9.3 Polarization Splitter .9.3.1 Analysis of the NLC–PCF Polarization Splitter .9.3.2 Beam Propagation Study of the NLC–PCF Polarization Splitter .9.3.3 Crosstalk of the NLC–PCF Splitter .9.3.4 Feasibility of the NLC–PCF Splitter .9.4 Summary .10. Coupling Characteristics of Photonic Crystal Fiber Coupler with Liquid Crystal Cores .10.1 Introduction .10.2 Design of the PCF coupler with LC Cores .10.3 Numerical Results .10.3.1 Effect of the Structural Geometrical Parameters .10.3.2 Effect of the Temperature .10.3.3 Polarization Splitter Based on PCF Coupler with LC Cores .a. Analysis of the Polarization Splitter .b. Beam Propagation Analysis .c. Crosstalk .d. Feasibility of the Polarization Splitter .10.4 Summary .11 Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors .11.1 Introduction .11.2 LC PCF Temperature Sensor .11.2.1 Design Consideraion .11.2.2 Effect of the Structural Geometrical Parameters .11.2.3 Effect of the Temperature .11.2.4 Effect of the LC Rotation Angle .11.2.5 Sensitivity Analysis .11.3 Design of Single Core Plasmonic LC PCF .11.3.1 Design Consideraion .11.3.2 Effect of the LC Rotation Angle .11.3.3 Effect of the Structural Geometrical Parameters .11.3.4 Effect of the Temperature .11.4 Summary .12. Image Encryption Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .12.1 Introduction to Optical Image Encryption systems .12.2 Symmetric Encryption Using Photonic Crystal Structures .12.2.1 Design Concept .12.2.2 Encryptor / Decryptor Design .12.2.3 Simulation Results .12.3 Multiple Encryption System using Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .12.3.1 Proposed Encryption System .a. Photonic Bandgap Structure .b. Liquid Crystals .c. Phase Modulator/Photo–Detector .d. System Operation .12.3.2 Simulation Results .12.4 Summary .13. Optical Computing Devices Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .13.1 Introduction to Optical Computing .13.2 All–Optical Router based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .13.2.1 Device Architecture .a. Photonic Bandgap Structure .b. Liquid Crystals .c. System Operation .13.2.2 Simulation Results .13.2.3 Fabrication Tolerance .13.3 Optical Logic Gates Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .13.3.1 OR Logic Gate Based on Photonic Crystal Platform .a. Photonic Crystal Platform .b. Optical OR Gate Architecture .c. Results and Discussion for OR Gate       .13.3.2 AND Logic Gate Based on Photonic Crystal Platform .a. Optical AND Gate Architecture .b. Results AND Discussion for AND Gate .13.3.3 Reconfigurable Gate Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal layers .a. Device Architecture .b. Simulation Results .13.4 Optical Memory based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Layers .13.4.1 Photonic Crystal Platform .13.4.2 Tunable Switch .13.4.3 Simulation Results .13.4.4 Fabrication Challenges .13.5 Summary .INDEX

• ISBN: 978-1-119-04195-5
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 272
• Fecha Publicación: 03/06/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés