This book addresses two closely related issues: capturing the costs of a particular project and comparing those costs to the monetary benefits to develop the actual ROI. These are two indispensable steps for ultimate accountabilitycosts compared to benefits. Cost accumulation sheets are provided and a variety of costing examples are included along with specific rules for allocating costs for initial assessment, development, and software. The cost total is compared to the monetary benefits using three approaches: the ROI as a percent, the benefit-cost ratio, and the payback period, representing the number of years and months it will take to cover the costs of the project. These three common ways to reflect ROI are presented with examples. Coverage includes: the importance of reporting costs; the essential cost items; prorating costs; estimating costs; examples; cautions when reporting costs; the importance of calculating ROI; when to use ROI; the different types of ROI calculations; ROI and its meaning; cautions when using ROI. INDICE: Acknowledgments from the Editors. Principles of the ROI Methodology. 1. The Importance of Costs and ROI. Why Be Concerned About Costs? Pager: Please do not italicize the Contents H1 items or the sublists to this level. Benchmarking. Evaluation. Cost Forecasting. Efficiency. Other Reasons for Monitoring Costs. The Importance of ROI. The Ultimate Level of Evaluation. Types of Values. ROI Is King. The ‘Show Me’ Generation The New Definition of Value. Why ROI Now?. Program Failures. Increased Total Program Costs. Trend Toward Greater Accountability. Staff Support Managers' New Business Focus. Evidence-Based or Fact-Based Management. Limitations of Benchmarking. Executive Appetite for Evaluation of ROI. Why Forecast ROI? Expensive Programs and Projects. High Risks and Uncertainty. Post-Program Comparison. Compliance. Final Thoughts. 2. Cost Tracking and Classification. Cost Issues. Pressure to Disclose All Costs. Fully Loaded Costs as a Conservative Approach. The Danger of Accumulating Costs Without Tracking Benefits. Policies and Guidelines. Cost Tracking Issues. Sources of Program Costs. Process Steps and Costs. Prorated Versus Direct Costs. Employee Benefits Factor. Major Cost Categories. Needs Assessment and Analysis.Design and Development. Acquisition. Technological Support. Delivery and Implementation. Pager: Please style the following items as a sublist to the previous item. Facilitators' and Coordinators' Salaries and Benefits. Participants' Salaries and Benefits. Travel, Lodging, and Meals. Facilities. Program Materials and Fees. Pager: End of sublist. Evaluation. Overhead. Cost Reporting. CostAccumulation and Estimation. Cost Classification Matrix. Cost Accumulation. Cost Estimation. Case Study: Federal Information Agency. Overview. Problem and Solution. Program Description. Selection Criteria. Program Administration. Drivers of Evaluation. Program Costs. Final Thoughts. 3. The ROI Calculation. Basic Issues in Calculating ROI. Definitions Are Critical. Annualized Values. Benefit-Cost Ratio. ROI Formula. ROI Examples. Example 1: Retail Merchandising Company. Example 2: Global Financial Services. Example 3: Healthcare, Inc. Example 4: Metro Transit Authority. Example 5: Midwest Electric. Positioning ROI Evaluation. Choosing the Right Formula. Developing ROI Objectives. Determining ROI Targets. Other ROI Measures. Payback Period. Discounted Cash Flow. InternalRate of Return. Utility Analysis. ROI, the Profit Center, and EVA. Final Thoughts. 4. ROI Issues. ROI Can Be Very Large. What Happens When the ROI Is Negative? ROI Is Not for Every Program. Concerns About ROI. Cautions. Pager: Pleasestyle the following items as a sublist to the previous item. Take a Conservative Approach When Developing Benefits and Costs. Make Sure That ROI of Programs Is Not Confused with Other Financial Measures of Return. Involve Management in Calculating ROI. Fully Disclose Assumptions and Methodology. Approach Sensitive and Controversial Issues with Caution. Teach Others the Methods for Calculating ROI. Recognize That Not Everyone Will Buy into ROI. Do Not Boast About a High Return. Choose the Place for Debates. Do Not Try to Use ROI to EvaluateEvery Program. Pager: End of sublist. ROI Myths. Pager: Please style the following items as a sublist to the previous item. ROI Is Too Complex for Most Users. ROI Is Expensive, Consuming Too Many Critical Resources. If Senior Management Does Not Require ROI, There Is No Need to Pursue It. ROI Is a Passing Fad.ROI Is Only One Type of Data. ROI Is Not Future-Oriented; It Reflects Only Past Performance. ROI Is Rarely Used by Organizations. The ROI Methodology Cannot Be Easily Replicated. The ROI Methodology Is Not a Credible Process; It Is Too Subjective. ROI Cannot Be Evaluated for Soft-Skill Programs; It Is Only forProduction and Sales. ROI Is Only for Manufacturing and Service Organizations. It Is Not Always Possible to Isolate the Effects of a Program. Measurement of On-the-Job Activities Is Impossible Because Post-Program Control of Participants Is Impossible. ROI Is Appropriate Only for Large Organizations. The ROI Methodology Has No Standards. Pager: End of sublist. Final Thoughts. 5. ROI Forecasting. The Trade-Offs of Forecasting. Pre-Program ROI Forecasting. Basic Model. Steps for Forecasting ROI. Sources of Expert Input. Securing Input. Conversion to Money. Estimating Program Costs. Case Study: Retail Merchandise Company-Part A: Pre-Program ROI Forecasting. Pager: Please style the following items as a sublist to the previous item. Situation. Proposed Solution. Pager: End of sublist. ROI Forecast with a Pilot Program. ROI Forecast with Reaction Data. Case Study: Retail Merchandise Company-Part B: Level 1 ROI Forecasting. ROI Forecast with Learning Data. Case Study: Retail Merchandise Company? Part C: Level 2 ROI Forecasting. Cautions. Advantages. ROI Forecast with Application Data. Case Study: Retail Merchandise Company? Part D: Level 3 ROI Forecasting. Advantages. Guidelines for Forecasting. If You Must Forecast, Forecast Frequently. Consider Forecasting an Essential Evaluation Tool. Forecast Different Types of Data. Secure Input from Those Who Know the Process Best. Understand That Long-Term Forecasts Will Usually Be Inaccurate. Expect Forecasts to Be Biased.Commit to the Hard Work of Serious Forecasting. Routinely Review the Success of Forecasting. Be Aware That Assumptions Are the Most Serious Errors in Forecasting. Keep in Mind That Decision Making Is the Purpose of Forecasting. FinalThoughts. Index. About the Authors.
- ISBN: 978-0-7879-8721-3
- Editorial: Jossey Bass
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 176
- Fecha Publicación: 20/02/2008
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés