INDICE: Chapter 1: Introduction – May start with a realistic or real–life scenario: A man coughs on a plane. He has undiagnosed tuberculosis (TB), how far and how fast does his cough aerosol move amongst other passengers on the plane? What is the likely load of TB in this cough aerosol? What is its infectious dose for other passengers immediately next to him? Further away? How does the airplane ventilation system assist the dissemination of the TB before it is filtered away? What is the effect of passengers moving up and down the airplane on the dissemination of the infectious agent? How does the humidity and temperature in the plane affect the survival of the airborne pathogen? Where might it settle? On neighbouring seats, cushions, blankets? On their tables or their entertainment control panels? What is the survival time there? Will another passenger touch it and wipe his mouth with it, thereby inoculating him/herself? This scenario will be used to set the scene where detailed questions will be asked about each of the processes involved – to be answered in the following chapters. Julian W Tang, National University Hospital, Singapore; Peter Wilson, Nandini Shetty, University College London Hospitals, UK; Don Milton, University of Maryland, USA Chapter 2: The generation of human–related aerosols – Or primary human behaviours: will describe the process of everyday human respiratory activities: breathing through the nose or mouth, talking, laughing, coughing, sneezing, even sleeping and snoring, i.e. what do humans do that enhances the risk of airborne transmission? Julian W Tang, National University Hospital, Singapore; Peter Wilson, Nandini Shetty, University College London Hospitals, UK Chapter 3: Environmental sources of infectious aerosols – Or secondary human behaviours: making beds, flushing toilets (at home), using oxygen masks and nebulisers, irrigating wounds and changing tubing (in a hospital setting) – even just walking through doors – will also be described as potential sources of aerosol dissemination. Julian W Tang, National University Hospital, Singapore; Peter Wilson, Nandini Shetty, University College London Hospitals, UK Chapter 4: Basic aerodynamic of infectious aerosols in everyday environments (a descriptive rather than a technical guide for healthcare professionals, i.e. without mathematical equations) – How does air behave once it leaves the mouth during breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, etc.? What factors may affect its behaviour, e.g. size and shape of mouth orifice (relevant if considering interventions, like coughing or sneezing into a tissue or handkerchief)? What environmental factors affect how far it travels? Humidity and temperature? Thermal buoyancy considerations, i.e. the presence of air–conditioning or central heating. The effect of different ventilation systems? Opening/ closing windows and doors? Movement of people and electrical equipment? Ian Eames, University College London; Yuguo Li, University of Hong Kong Chapter 5: Infectious agents potentially transmitted by the airborne route – An overview of infectious agents that may be transmitted in this way, with examples of each agent and the infections/ diseases they cause. This will include an assessment of which of these pathogens may pose the greatest threat in different environments, e.g. households, hospitals, public transport and other high–human density areas in the community. Examples Bioterrorist agents will also be covered. Julian W Tang, National University Hospital, Singapore; Peter Wilson, Nandini Shetty, University College London Hospitals, UK Chapter 6: Droplet characteristics and the transmission of infectious aerosols – Droplets are the main vehicle of infectious agents transported in aerosols – large droplets fall to the ground faster but can carry more infectious agent, smaller droplets can be transported over further distances but carry fewer infectious agents and may be more susceptible to evaporation. Many experimental approaches to investigating droplets have been used and this will be a useful summary of their results and methodologies. Euan Tovey, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Yuguo Li, University of Hong Kong; Gustavo Zayas, University of Alberta, Canada Chapter 7: Interventions to reduce human sources of infectious aerosols – which mask to wear? How effective are they? How they may fail? Coughing and sneezing into tissues, handkerchiefs, hands and sleeves? The role of personalised ventilation? Some common and less common interventions will be reviewed and discussed. Julian W Tang, National University Hospital; Tham Kwok Wai, Chandra Sekhar, Jovan Pantelic, National University of Singapore Chapter 8: Environmental controls to limit airborne transmission – Role of different ventilation modes, air changes per hour, HEPA–filtration – in homes, hospitals wards, offices, airplanes, subways, buses. How to optimize these in combination with more personalized protection methods in an energy efficient manner – specific to different environments? Problems with long–term maintenance and consequences of lapses in regular servicing (e.g. eventual reversal of negative pressure due to blocked exhaust ducts). Yuguo Li, University of Hong Kong, Jianlei Niu, Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Cath Noakes, University of Leeds, UK Chapter 9: Modelling approaches to airborne–transmitted infections – Part I – Modelling: the spread of disease from a source, the effect of personal (e.g. masks) and environmental (e.g. ventilation) interventions, modeling the effectiveness of such interventions given the characteristics of specific pathogens. This chapter will also discuss the assumptions and limitations of such models as well as how they may be best applied for infection control purposes, particular when advising local and national healthcare institutions and informing government policies. Sara Del Valle, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA; Babak Pourbohluol, British Columbia CDC, Vancouver, Canada; Ben Cowling, University of Hong Kong. Chapter 10: Modelling approaches to airborne–transmitted infections – Part II – Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a standard tool to model airflow dynamics in defined situations, where experimental approaches may be too difficult or impractical. Many commercial packages are available now, but all of them have their limitations. Some new approaches, which can also incorporate particle characteristics and dynamics are explored here. Ian Eames, University College London; Cath Noakes, University of Leeds; Andre Nicolle, Christian Klettner, National University Hospital, Singapore Chapter 11: Assessing the evidence for aerosol transmission – what does it all mean? – A critical review of the evidence for aerosol transmission for some specific pathogens of current interest, particularly influenza, and its implications for informing infection control policies both at local and national levels. Raymond Tellier, University of Calgary, Canada. Chapter 12: A public health perspective on airborne infections – How important are airborne transmitted infections in modern day public health planning? How is the evidence for and against the significance of the aerosol route of transmission assessed? What are the health burden and financial implications of getting it right or wrong? Don Milton, University of Maryland, USA
- ISBN: 978-1-118-31749-5
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 276
- Fecha Publicación: 24/06/2014
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés